Landolt-Brnstein Group III
: Condensed Matter
Volume 4 

Magnetic and Other Properties of Oxides and Related Compounds 

Subvolume B Part B 
Introductory material 
5	
Non-iron garnets (W. GRPER) 1

5.0	
Introduction 1

5.1	
Magnetic susceptibility data 2

A. 
Paramagnetic susceptibility above the ordering temperature	2

B. 
Susceptibility data at low temperatures in the vicinity of an ordering temperature 4

C. 
Summary of susceptibility parameters and transition temperatures	7



5.2	
Magnetization 8

5.3	
Crystallographic and structural data 12

A. 
Location and environment of ions in the unit cell of the garnet lattice	12

B. 
Oxygen coordinates, interionic spacings, and angles of compounds with garnet 13

structure

C. 
Lattice parameters and density of garnet systems	15

D. 
Magnetic structure of DyAlG and ErGaG	16



5.4	
Results of magnetic resonance experiments 18

A. 
Paramagnetic resonance of rare earth impurities in diamagnetic garnets	18

B. 
Paramagnetic resonance of impurities with d electrons in diamagnetic garnets 20

C. 
Paramagnetic resonance of impurities in paramagnetic garnets	23

D. 
Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments	24



5.5	
Results from optical spectra 26

A. 
Crystal field analysis and parameters	26

B. 
Summary of references for some results from optical measurements	27



5.6	
Spin-lattice relaxation of paramagnetic ions in garnets 28

A. 
Temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time T1	28

B. 
The dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time on magnetic field	33



5.7	
Thermal properties near the transition temperature 34

A. 
Specific heat of rare earth gallium garnets	34

B. 
Specific heat of two rare earth aluminium garnets	36



5.8	
Faraday rotation in paramagnetic non-iron garnets 38

5.9	
Magnetomechanical properties 41

A. 
Magnetostriction of rare earth gallates and germanates with a garnet structure 41

B. 
Macroscopic magnetoelastic tensors for paramagnetic rare earth ions in 42

diamagnetic garnet hosts

C. 
Magnetoacoustic properties	42



5.10	
Neutron diffraction results near and below the magnetic ordering point 43

5.11	
References 45

A. 
Primary references	45

B. 
Supplementary references	47



6	
Spinels 50

Arrangement 50

6.0 
Introduction (B.A. CALHOUN) 51

6.0.1 
General remarks 51

6.0.2 
Structure 51

6.1 
Fe3+ spinels (cubic ferrites) 54

6.1.0 
Ferrimagnetism; magnetic behaviour of ferrites (B.A. CALHOUN) 54

6.1.0.1 
A-B exchange interaction; magnetization 54

6.1.0.2 
A-A, B-B exchange interaction; magnetic order 56

6.1.0.3 
Hyperfine interactions (Mssbauer and NMR methods) 57

6.1.0.4 
Anisotropy 59

6.1.0.5 
Ferrimagnetic resonance 60

6.1.0.6 
Accuracy 63

6.1.0.7 
References for 6.0 and 6.1.0 64

6.1.1 
Fe2+-Fe3+ spinels (magnetite) and Fe2+-Fe3+ spinels with substitutions 65

(R.A.
 LEFEVER)
6.1.1.1 
Tables and figures 65

6.1.1.2 
References for 6.1.1.1 73

6.1.2 
NiFe3+ spinels (Ni ferrites) and NiFe3+ spinels with substitutions 75

(T.R.
 MCGUIRE, E.L. BOYD)
6.1.2.0 
Introduction 75

6.1.2.1 
Ni ferrite NiFe2O4 75

6.1.2.2 
Zn substituted Ni ferrite 82

6.1.2.3 
Ni ferrite with Co substitutions 89

6.1.2.4 
Dilute Mn and Co substitutions in Ni ferrite and Ni ferrite aluminate 91

6.1.2.5 
Ge substituted Ni ferrite 96

6.1.2.6 
Ni ferrite chromite 97

6.1.2.7 
Ni ferrite vanadate 99

6.1.2.8 
Ni ferrite aluminate 100

6.1.2.9 
Ni gallate ferrite 103

6.1.2.10 
References for 6.1.2.0 - 6.1.2.9 103

6.1.3 
Mn-Fe3+ spinels (Mn ferrites) and Mn-Fe3+ spinels with substitutions 106

(R.
 VAUTIER, M. PAULUS)
6.1.3.0 
Introduction 106

6.1.3.1 
Phase equilibria and structure 106

6.1.3.1.1 
Phase equilibria 106

6.1.3.1.2 
Equilibrium oxygen partial pressure 109

6.1.3.1.3 
Lattice constants 117

6.1.3.1.4 
Ionic distribution 124

6.1.3.1.5 
Spin arrangement 127

6.1.3.2 
Thermal properties 128

6.1.3.2.1 
Specific heat 128

6.1.3.2.2 
Thermal conductivity 129

6.1.3.2.3 
Thermal expansion 130

6.1.3.2.4 
Diffusion and oxidation coefficients 130

6.1.3.2.5 
Ferrite thermodynamics 131

6.1.3.2.6 
Solid crystal growth 133

6.1.3.2.7 
Reactivity and sintering 135

6.1.3.3 
Mechanical properties 136

6.1.3.4 
Electrical properties 139

6.1.3.4.1 
Electrical resistivity 139

6.1.3.4.2 
Magnetoresistance and thermomagnetic effect 147

6.1.3.4.3 
Hall effect 149

6.1.3.4.4 
Seebeck effect 151

6.1.3.5 
Spontaneous magnetization 152

6.1.3.5.1 
Saturation moment at 0 K 152

6.1.3.5.2 
Magnetization as a function of temperature 155

6.1.3.5.3 
Magnetization in the region of the Curie point 156

6.1.3.5.4 
Curie temperatures 158

6.1.3.6 
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy 160

6.1.3.6.1 
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in Mn ferrite 160

6.1.3.6.2 
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in Mn ferrite with substitutions 164

6.1.3.6.3 
Linear magnetostriction 170

6.1.3.6.4 
Magnetic annealing 173

6.1.3.7 
Domains and domain walls 176

6.1.3.7.1 
Domain wall motion experiments 176

6.1.3.7.2 
Domain structure 179

6.1.3.8 
Response of magnetization to a field 179

6.1.3.8.1 
High temperature susceptibility 180

6.1.3.8.2 
High field susceptibility in the ferrimagnetic state 181

6.1.3.8.3 
Permeability variation with composition, impurities, irradiation, and grain size 181

6.1.3.8.4 
Permeability vs. temperature 184

6.1.3.8.5 
Permeability vs. pressure 186

6.1.3.8.6 
Permeability vs. frequency 187

6.1.3.8.7 
After-effect, disaccommodation, and viscosity 188

6.1.3.9 
Microwave properties 200

6.1.3.9.1 
Resonance line width 200

6.1.3.9.2 
Spectroscopic splitting factor 206

6.1.3.10 
Optical properties (absorption) 207

6.1.3.11 
References for 6.1.3.0 - 6.1.3.10 208

6.1.4 
Mg-Fe3+ spinels (Mg ferrites) and Mg-Fe3+ spinels with substitutions 216

(C.J.
 KRIESSMAN, A.P. GREIFER)
6.1.4.1 
Mg ferrite MgFe2O4 216

6.1.4.2 
MgMn ferrites and MgMn ferrites with substitutions 228

6.1.4.2.0 
Introductory remarks 228

6.1.4.2.1 
Crystallographic properties, physical properties, phase data, magnetic moments 228

6.1.4.2.2 
Anisotropy 239

6.1.4.2.3 
Losses 243

6.1.4.2.4 
Square-loop properties 247

6.1.4.2.5 
Microwave properties 268

6.1.4.3 
Other ferrite systems containing Mg 280

6.1.4.3.0 
Introductory remarks 280

6.1.4.3.1 
Systems containing Zn2+ 280

6.1.4.3.2 
Systems containing Cu2+ 283

6.1.4.3.3 
Systems containing Ni2+ 286

6.1.4.3.4 
Systems containing Al2+ 290

6.1.4.3.5 
Systems containing Cr3+ 296

6.1.4.3.6 
Systems containing Al3+ + Cr3+ 301

6.1.4.3.7 
Other systems containing trivalent and higher valency cations 302


-
6.1.4.3.8 Systems containing F and Li+ 
6.1.4.4 
6.1.5 
6.1.5.1 
6.1.5.2 
6.1.5.3 
6.1.6 
6.1.6.1 
6.1.6.2 
6.1.6.3 
6.1.6.4 
6.1.6.5 
6.1.6.6 
6.1.7 
6.1.7.1 
6.1.7.2 
6.1.7.3 
6.1.7.4 
6.1.7.5 
6.1.7.6 
6.1.8 
6.1.8.1 
6.1.8.2 
6.1.8.3 
6.1.8.4 
6.1.8.5 
6.2 
6.2.1 
6.2.1.1 
6.2.1.2 
6.2.1.3 
6.2.2 
6.2.2.1 
6.2.2.2 
6.2.2.3 
6.2.2.4 
6.2.2.5 
6.2.2.6 
6.2.2.7 
6.2.2.8 
6.2.2.9 
6.2.2.10 
6.3 
6.3.1 
6.3.1.1 
6.3.1.2 
References for 6.1.4.1 - 6.1.4.3 311

Zn-Fe3+ spinels (Zn ferrites) and Zn-Fe3+ spinels with substitutions (V.J. FOLEN) 315
Zn, Zn-Fe, Zn-Ti, Zn-Li, Zn-Ti-Li, Zn-Cd, Zn-Mg, Zn-Co, and Zn-Cu ferrites 315
Zn-Ni, Zn-Ni-Ge, and Zn-Ni-Sb ferrites 320
References for 6.1.5.1 and 6.1.5.2 324

Li-Fe3+ spinels (Li ferrites) and Li-Fe3+ spinels with substitutions (V.J. FOLEN) 325
Li ferrite 325
Li-Cr ferrites 332
Li-Zn, Li-Zn-Co, Li-Ti, Li-Zn-Ti, and Li-Zn-Ti-Al-Mn ferrites 334
Li-A1, Li-Ga, Li-Cd ferrites and Li-Fe ferrites 338
Li-Mn, Li-V, and Li-Ge ferrites 341
References for 6.1.6.1 - 6.1.6.5 342

Cu-Fe3+ spinels (Cu ferrites) and Cu-Fe3+ spinels with substitutions (V.J. FOLEN) 343

Cu ferrite CuFe2O4 Cu-Zn and Cu-Cd ferrites Cu-Cr ferrites Cu-Mg ferrites 
343
351
356
357

Other ferrites, oxide compounds, and oxide mixtures containing Cu 360
References for 6.1.7.1 - 6.1.7.5 365

Co-Fe3+ spinels (Co ferrites) and Co-Fe3+ spinels with substitutions (V.J. FOLEN) 366
Co ferrite 366
Co ferrite and Co-Fe mixed oxides 377
Co-Zn ferrites 384
Co-Cd, Co-Mg, Co-Ni, and Co-Cr ferrites 391
References for 6.1.8.1 - 6.1.8.4 392
Cr spinels 394

Cr oxide-spinels (D. BONNENBERG, H.P.J. WIJN) 394
Binary Cr oxide-spinels 394
Ternary and quarternary Cr oxide-spinels 404
References to 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.2 418

Cr sulfide, selenide and telluride spinels (V.J. FOLEN, G.H. STAUSS) 619
Comparison of the crystallographic, electrical, and magnetic properties of Cr spinels 619
containing S, Se and Te
Comparative properties of CdCr2Se4, CdCr2S4, HgCr2Se4, and HgCr2S4 621
Cd-Cr selenide spinel 622
Cd-Cr selenide spinel with substitutions 625
Cd-Cr sulfide spinel and substituted compounds 629
Hg-Cr selenide, Hg-Cr sulfide spinels and their substituted compounds 632
Cu-Cr S, Se and Te spinels 634
Cu-Cr S, Se and Te spinels with substitutions 638
Fe-Mn-, Co- and Zn-Cr S and Se spinels and their substituted compounds 642
References for 6.2.2.1 - 6.2.2.9 645

Further spinels (D. BONNENBERG, H.P.J. WIJN) 422
V spinels and substituted V spinels 422
V spinels with V3+ 422
V spinels with V4+ 426

6.3.2 
6.3.3 
6.3.4 
6.3.5 
6.3.6 
6.3.7 
6.3.8 
6.3.9 
6.3.10 
6.3.11 
6.3.12 
6.3.13 
6.3.14 
6.3.15 
6.3.16 
6.3.17 
6.3.18 
6.3.19 
6.3.20 
6.3.21 
6.3.22 
7

7.0 
7.1 
7.2 
7.3 
7.4 
7.5 
7.6 
7.6.1 
7.6.2 
7.6.3 
7.6.4 
7.6.5 
7.6.6 
7.6.7 
7.6.7.1 
7.6.7.2 
7.7 
7.7.1 
7.7.2 
7.7.3 
7.7.4 
7.7.5 
7.7.6 
7.7.7 
6.3.1.3	
V spinels with V5+

Ge spinels and substituted Ge spinels
Rh spinels and substituted Rh spinels
References to 6.3.1 - 6.3.3
Al spinels and substituted Al spinels
Ga spinels and substituted Ga spinels
In spinels and substituted In spinels
References to 6.3.5 - 6.3.7
Co spinels and substituted Co spinels
Ni spinels and substituted Ni spinels
Te spinels and substituted Te spinels
Mn spinels and substituted Mn spinels
Ti spinels and substituted Ti spinels
References to 6.3.9 - 6.3.13
Mo spinels and substituted Mo spinels
W spinels and substituted W spinels
Nb spinels and substituted Nb spinels
Zr spinels
Sb spinels and substituted Sb spinels
Sn spinels and substituted Sn spinels
Si spinels and substituted Si spinels
References to 6.3.15 - 6.3.21

6.3.1.4	
V spinels with V3+ and V4+
430 430 
Hexagonal ferrites (H.P.J. WIJN)
Introduction
Quantities and units
List of symbols

436 
441 
444 
446 
467 
474 
476 
481 
488 
488 
488 
512 
528 
533 
533 
533 
534 
534 
535 
543 
545 
547 
547 
547 
552 


Chemical compositions and phase diagrams of hexagonal ferrites 555

Crystal structures 557

Paramagnetic properties of ferrites with hexagonal crystal structures 561

M (magnetoplumbite)-type ferrites 562

Survey of the chemical substitutions in the M structure and room temperature lattice 562

constants
Electric and dielectric properties 564

Mssbauer spectra, saturation magnetization, and Curie temperature 567

Effective spectroscopic splitting factor geff 573

Magneto-crystalline anisotropy 573

Hysteresis properties 577

High-frequency magnetic properties 580

Magnetic spectrum 580

Line width of the ferromagnetic resonance 583

W-type ferrites 584

Survey of chemical substitutions in the W structure 584

Electric and dielectric properties 585

Saturation magnetization and Curie temperature 586

Effective spectroscopic splitting factor geff 588

Magneto-crystalline anisotropy 588

Magnetostriction 592

High-frequency magnetic properties 593



7.8 
Y-type ferrites	593

7.8.1	
Lattice parameters 593

7.8.2	
Electric and dielectric properties 593

7.8.3	
Mssbauer spectra, saturation magnetization, spectroscopic splitting factor, and Curie 594

temperature

7.8.4	
Magneto-crystalline anisotropy 597

7.8.4.1	
Magneto-crystalline anisotropy derived from static measurements 597

7.8.4.2	
Magneto-crystalline anisotropy field derived from the ferromagnetic resonance 598

frequency

7.8.5	
Hysteresis properties 599

7.8.6	
High-frequency magnetic properties 600

7.8.6.1	
Magnetic spectrum of the initial permeability 600

7.8.6.2	
Ferromagnetic resonance properties 600

7.8.6.3	
Non-linear effects in the ferromagnetic resonance 603

7.9	
Z-type ferrites 606

7.9.1	
Lattice parameters 606

7.9.2	
Resistivity 606

7.9.3	
Saturation magnetization and Curie temperature 606

7.9.4	
Magneto-crystalline anisotropy 607

7.9.5	
High-frequency magnetic properties 608

7.10	
U-type ferrites 608

7.11	
Calcium ferrites 609

7.12	
References for 7 614

8	
Index of substances for III/4a and III/4b 647



