Landolt-Brnstein Group VI: Astronomy and Astrophysics 
Volume 2 Astronomy and Astrophysics 
Subvolume B Stars and Star Clusters 
Introductory material 
4 The stars 1 
4.1 Physical parameters of the stars 1 
4.1.0 General remarks 1 
4.1.1 Classification of stellar spectra 1 
4.1.2 Intrinsic colors and visual absolute magnitudes (calibration of the MK system) 14 
4.1.3 Hertzsprung-Russel diagram, color-magnitude diagrams 25 
4.1.4 Effective temperatures, bolometric corrections and luminosities 451 
4.1.5 Mass, radius, density, surface gravity 28 
4.1.6 Rotation of stars 32 
4.2 Magnitudes and colors 35 
4.2.0 General remarks 35 
4.2.1 Data dissemination centers 35 
4.2.2 Definitions 35 
4.2.3 General problems in photometry of stars 38 
4.2.4 Photographic photometry 40 
4.2.5 Photoelectric photometry 44 
4.3 Physics of stellar atmospheres 91 
4.3.1 General references 91 
4.3.2 List of generally and frequently used symbols 91 
4.3.3 Basic equations 92 
4.3.4 Statistical equilibrium and cross-sections 96 
4.3.5 Thermodynamic properties 122 
4.3.6 Methods of computation of stellar model atmospheres 136 
4.3.7 "Non-standard" stellar model atmospheres 146 
4.4 Stellar structure and evolution 152 
4.4.0 List of symbols 152 
4.4.1 Equation of stellar structure 154 
4.4.2 Properties of stellar matter 155 
4.4.3 Model computations 188 
4.4.4 References for 4.4 194 
5 Special types of stars 197 
5.1 Variable stars 197 
5.1.0 Abbreviations and notations 197 
5.1.1 Definitions and general remarks 198 
5.1.2 Pulsating and rotating variables 203 
5.1.3 Eruptive and depression variables 228 
5.2 
Peculiar stars 269

5.2.0 
Introduction, general remarks 269

5.2.1 
Peculiar stars of early spectral classes (O - A) 272

5.2.2 
Peculiar stars in the range B - F 318

5.2.3 
Peculiar stars of late spectral classes (G - M) 347

5.3 
Protostars, pre-main sequence objects 357

5.4 
Planetary nebulae 364

5.5 
White dwarfs 373

5.6 
Compact objects (See Vol. 2C) 
5.7 
X-ray and gamma-ray sources (See Vol. 2C) 
6 
Double stars and star clusters 381

6.1 
Double stars 381

6.1.0 
General remarks 381

6.1.1 
Visual double stars 387

6.1.2 
Astrometric binaries and systems with unseen companions 393

6.1.3 
Spectroscopic binaries 395

6.1.4 
X-ray binaries 403

6.1.5 
Photometric or eclipsing binaries 408

6.2 
Star clusters and associations 420

6.2.1 
Globular clusters 420

6.2.2 
Open clusters 432

6.2.3 
Associations 445


Comprehensive index (See Vol. 2C) 

