Landolt-Brnstein Group V
: Geophysics
Volume 2 

Geophysics of the Solid Earth, the Moon and the Planets 

Subvolume B 
Title Page, Contributors, Preface 
1 
The earth in the planetary system (See Vol. 2A) 
2 
Properties of the solid earth 1

2.1 
Seismicity and the interior of the earth (See Vol. 2A) 
2.2 
Heat flow and temperature distribution in the earth's interior 1

2.2.1 
Oceanic and continental heat-flow data 1

2.2.1.1 
Oceanic heat flow data (See Vol. 2A) 
2.2.1.2 
Continental heat flow data (D.S. CHAPMAN) 1

2.2.1.2.0 
Units 1

2.2.1.2.1 
Definitions 1

2.2.1.2.2 
Measurements 2

2.2.1.2.3 
Continental heat flow literature 2

2.2.1.2.4

Continental heat flow results 3

2.2.1.2.5

Global heat flow 10
References for 2.2.1.2 16

2.2.1.2.6-7


2.2.2 
Radioactive heat production in the continental crust (See Vol. 2A)

2.2.3

Temperature profiles in the earth's interior (E.A. LUBIMOVA) 20

2.2.4

Heat transport in the earth's interior (F.D. STACEY) 24

2.3

Electrical properties of the earth's interior 370

2.3.1

Depth distribution of the electrical conductivity (U. SCHMUCKER) 370

2.3.1.0

List of symbols and abbreviations 370

2.3.1.1

Introduction 370

2.3.1.2 
Derivation of apparent resistivity estimates from experimental electric and electro-371

2.3.1.3

Inversion of electromagnetic response estimates 372

2.3.1.4

Principle constraints of interpretation 374

2.3.1.5

General notes on response data and models in figures and tables of subsection 375

2.3.1.6

The electrical resistivity in the continental crust 376 
2.3.1.7

The electrical resistivity of the mantle from observations on continents 384 
2.3.1.8

The resistivity of crust and mantle beneath oceans 392 
2.3.1.9

References for 2.3.1 396 
2.3.2

Anomalies of the electrical conductivity in the earth's crust and upper mantle 397 
2.3.2.0

List of symbols 397


magnetic data

2.3.1 
(V.
 HAAK)
4.2.3.3 
4.2.3.4 
4.2.3.5 
4.2.4 
4.3 
4.3.0 
4.3.1 
4.3.2 
4.3.3 
4.3.4 
4.3.5 
4.3.6 
4.3.7 
4.3.8 
5

Analyses of observations 148

Knowledge gained from spherical harmonic models 169

References for 4.2.3 179

Material properties entering the theory of the main geomagnetic field 181

(F.H.
 BUSSE)Palaeomagnetism and archaeomagnetism (H. SOFFEL) 184

List of symbols and abbreviations 184

Introduction, definitions, hypotheses 185

Apparent polar wander paths (APWP) 192

Geomagnetic polarity time scale, magnetostratigraphy, palaeo-secular variation 212

Determination of the intensity of the ancient geomagnetic field 220

Geomagnetic field during a polarity transition 222

Archaeomagnetism 225

Palaeomagnetism of samples of extraterrestrial origin 232

234 
243 
243 
243 
243 
246 
247 
248 
253 
256 
264 
265 
266 
266 
266 


Documentation and presentation of the relief of the sea on maps 267

Hypsography of the relief of the sea floor 272

Hypsometric statistics of the sea floor 273

Terms for horizontal and vertical dimensions of oceans and sea floors 274

Subdivision of the seafloor into physiographic provinces 274

Classification of the ocean floor features 276

Morphologic units of the oceans: description of forms 277

Tectonic-morphogenetic units of the mid-atlantic ridge and adjacent areas 279

Classification of global physiographic units of the Atlantic Ocean, topographic-280

bathymetric dimension (metric)
The mid-ocean ridges: geomorphologic element of global scale and distribution 281

Classification of continental margins 282

Submarine canyons (features of macroscale) 283

Fracture zones (features of mesoscale to macroscale) 283



5.1.2.15 
Deep sea trenches (features of meso- to macroscale) 284

5.1.2.16 
Abyssal hills and seamounts. Example: features of the Pacifc Ocean sea floor 284

5.1.2.17 
Micro-relief of the sea floor: the roughness of the ocean bottom 289

5.1.2.18 
Sedimentation of the ocean bottom 290

5.1.2.19 
The mid-ocean ridges and the sea floor spreading 292

5.1.2.20 
Plate tectonics and the relief of the sea floor 293

5.1.2.21 
References for 5.1.2 295

5.2 
Recent crustal movements (See Vol. 2A) 
5.3 
Theories and hypotheses of global tectonics (W.R. JACOBY) 298

5.3.0 
List of symbols and abbreviations 298

5.3.1 
Introduction 299

5.3.2 
Historical review 299

5.3.3 
Plate kinematics 304

5.3.4 
Measurements of plate motions 311

5.3.5 
Results 314

5.3.6 
Plate tectonics 349

5.3.7 
Plate dynamics: driving mechanisms 355

5.3.8 
References for 5.3 363

5.4 
Motions in the earth's core and core-mantle coupling (See Vol. 2A) 
6 
Planetology of terrestrial planets (See Vol. 2A) Subject index for volumes 1A, 1B and 2A, 2B 437



2.3.2.1  Introduction  398  
2.3.2.2  Representation of experimental data  398  
2.3.2.3  Resolution and reliability  399  
2.3.2.4  Selection of anomalies  399  
2.3.2.5  Presentation of results  399  
2.3.2.6  List of compiled conductivity anomalies  400  
2.3.2.7  Description of anomalies  401  
2.3.2.8  References for 2.3.2  434  
2.4  Composition of the earth's interior (See Vol. 2A)  
2.5  Tides of the earth (See Vol. 2A)  
3  Gravity field and figure of the earth (See Vol. 2A)  
4  Magnetic field of the earth  31  
4.1  Sources of the geomagnetic field (U. SCHMUCKER)  31  
4.1.1  External part of the earth's magnetic field  31  
4.1.2  Internal part of the earth's magnetic field  63  
4.1.3  Spherical harmonics in geomagnetism  68  
4.1.4  References for 4.1  71  
4.2  Magnetic field on the surface and the interior of the earth  74  
4.2.1  Crustal anomalies and their cause (W. BOSUM, R. PUCHER, H. ROESER)  74  
4.2.1.0  List of symbols and abbreviations  74  
4.2.1.1  Definition of the crustal anomalies  74  
4.2.1.2  Layout and execution of geomagnetic surveys  74  
4.2.1.3  Data handling  76  
4.2.1.4  Interpretation methods  78  
4.2.1.5  Magnetic anomalies of the continental crust  80  
4.2.1.6  Marine magnetic anomalies  90  
4.2.1.7  Economic aspects  98  
4.2.1.8  Bibliography for 4.2.1  98  
4.2.2  Magnetic and electric fields due to electromagnetic induction by external sources  100  
(U. SCHMUCKER)  
4.2.2.0  List of symbols and abbreviations  100  
4.2.2.1  Basic observations and theoretical concepts  101  
4.2.2.2  Response functions for induced magnetic and electric fields  102  
4.2.2.3  Natural earth potentials and earth currents  119  
4.2.2.4  Derivation of external source fields from surface observations  123  
4.2.2.5  References for 4.2.2  124  
4.2.3  Observation and description of the main geomagnetic field and its secular  126  
variation (D. VOPPEL)  
4.2.3.0  List of symbols, quantities, units and abbreviations  126  
4.2.3.1  Introduction  127  
4.2.3.2  Observation of the earth's magnetic field  129  

5.1 
5.1.1 
5.1.1.1 
5.1.1.2 
5.1.1.3 
5.1.1.4 
5.1.1.5 
5.1.1.6 
5.1.1.7 
5.1.1.8 
5.1.2 
5.1.2.0 
5.1.2.1 
5.1.2.2 
5.1.2.3 
5.1.2.4 
5.1.2.5 
5.1.2.6 
5.1.2.7 
5.1.2.8 
5.1.2.9 
5.1.2.10 
5.1.2.11 
5.1.2.12 
5.1.2.13 
5.1.2.14 
References for 4.3

Transport of masses in the earth's interior
Relief of the earth's surface and of the sea floor

The relief of the earth's surface (H. HAGEDORN)
The hypsographic curve
Area of continents and oceans
Structural forms due to endogenic processes
Exogenic continental relief
Weathering
Exogenic relief-forming processes
Ice and glaciated areas
References for 5.1.1

Relief of the sea floor (H.G. GIERLOFF-EMDEN)
List of symbols and abbreviations
Geomorphology of the sea floor

