Landolt-Brnstein Group V
: Geophysics
Volume 3 

Oceanography 

Subvolume A 
Title Page, Contributors, Preface 
1 
Topography of the ocean floor (H.G. GIERLOFF-EMDEN) 1

1.0 
List of abbreviations 1

1.1 
Topography 2

1.2 
Hypsography 14

1.3 
Bathymetry 26

1.4 
Topography of the ocean floor: features and pattern 48

1.5 
Sedimentation of the ocean bottom 104

1.6 
Global geological structure and topography 114

1.7 
Chronology of sea floor topography 121

1.8 
References for 1 124

2 
In-situ instruments and measuring techniques (G. KRAUSE) 134

2.1 
The nature of oceanographic measurements 134

2.2 
Platforms 135

2.3 
Measuring techniques for oceanic motions 146

2.4 
Elevation of the sea surface 180

2.5 
Variables of state 187

2.6 
Basic methods of observation 208

2.7 
References for 2 225

3 
Properties of sea water 233

3.1 
Physical properties (general) (G. SIEDLER, H. PETERS) 233

3.1.0 
List of symbols and abbreviations 233

3.1.1 
Thermodynamic variables 234

3.1.2 
Salinity 235

3.1.3 
Density 237

3.1.4 
Compressibility 242

3.1.5 
Thermal expansion, density maximum 244

3.1.6 
Specific heat 247

3.1.7 
Adiabatic lapse rate, potential temperature 250

3.1.8 
Vapour pressure, boiling point, freezing point 252

3.1.9 
Heat of fusion, heat of evaporation 256

3.1.10 
Thermal conductivity 256

3.1.11 
Diffusion 257

3.1.12 
Viscosity 258

3.1.13 
Surface tension 261

3.1.14 
Osmotic pressure 261

3.1.15 
Brunt-Visl frequency 262

3.1.16 
References for 3.1 263

3.2 
Acoustical properties of the ocean (P. WILLE) 265

3.2.0 
List of symbols and abbreviations 265

3.2.1 
Introduction 266

3.2.2 
Models of sound propagation 268

3.2.3 
Applications 274

3.2.4 
Sound transducer characteristics 282

3.2.5 
Sound speed 285

3.2.6 
Sound absorption/transmission loss 320

3.2.7 
Ambient noise 348

3.2.8 
Scattering and reverberation 358

3.2.9 
References for 3.2 375

3.3 
Optical properties of sea water (N.K. HOEJERSLEV) 383

3.3.1 
Basic facts and equations 383

3.3.2 
Optical properties of water 395

3.3.3 
Optical classifications of sea water 404

3.3.4 
Daylight in the sea 428

3.3.5 
Visibility in the sea 446

3.3.6 
Passive remote sensing 452

3.3.7 
References for 3.3 459

3.4 
Chemical properties of sea water (G. WEICHART) 463

3.4.0 
List of symbols and abbreviations 463

3.4.1 
General remarks 463

3.4.2 
Chlorinity, chlorosity, salinity 463

3.4.3 
Chemical composition of sea water 464

3.4.4 
Residence times of elements in the oceans 469

3.4.5 
Solubility of gases in sea water 470

3.4.6 
Artificial sea water 474

3.4.7 
References for 3.4 474


