Landolt-Brnstein Group V
: Geophysics
Volume 4 

Meteorology 
Subvolume C1
Climatology.
 Part 1

Title Page, Contributors, Preface 
11 
Climate definition (M. HANTEL, H. KRAUS, C.-D. SCHNWIESE) 1

11.1 
Qualitative definitions of climate 1

11.2 
The climate system 5

11.3 
Qualitative definitions of climate 10

11.4 
References for 11 27

12 
Climate models (See Vol. 4C2) 
13 
The present global surface climate (See Vol. 4C2) 
14 
Specific Surfaces Climates (H. KRAUS) 29

14.1 
Scope of consideration 29

14.2 
Physical principles generally governing Specific Surfaces Climates 32

14.3 
List of symbols and abbreviations 85

14.4 
References for 14 88

15 
Climate variations (C.-D. SCHNWIESE) 93

15.1 
Introduction 93

15.2 
Information sources 94

15.3 
Remarks on statistical problems 98

15.4 
History of paleoclimate and neoclimate before the modern interval 100

15.5 
History of neoclimate since the modern interval (1659 AD) 122

15.6 
Overview of the northern hemisphere temperature variations 140

15.7 
Spectral overview of the northern hemisphere temperature variations 141

15.8 
Summary of possible causes of climate variations 142

15.9 
List of symbols and abbreviations 145

15.10 
Glossary 146

15.11 
References for 15 148

16 
The Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) (D. ETLING) 151

16.1 
Introduction 151

16.2 
The vertical structure of the PBL 151

16.3 
Theoretical basis 152

16.4 
The surface layer 153

16.5 
The Planetary Boundary Layer 160

16.6 
Observations in the PBL 179

16.7 
Modelling of the PBL 180

16.8 
List of symbols and abbreviations 182

16.9 
Definitions 183

16.10 
References for 16 184



