Landolt-Brnstein Group V: Geophysics 
Volume 3 Oceanography 
Subvolume B 
4 
4.1 
4.2 
4.2.1 
4.2.2 
4.2.3 
4.2.4 
4.2.5 
4.2.6 
4.2.7 
4.3 
4.3.1 
4.3.2 
4.3.3 
4.3.4 
4.3.5 
4.3.6 
4.3.7 
4.3.8 
4.3.9 
4.4 
4.4.0 
4.4.1 
4.4.2 
4.4.3 
4.4.4 
4.4.5 
4.4.6 
4.4.7 
5 
5.1 
5.1.0 
5.1.1 
5.1.2 
Title Page, Contributors, Preface 
Ocean circulation 1 Equations for oceanic motions (P. MLLER, J. WILLEBRAND) 1 
Temperature-salinity characteristics of world ocean waters 15 
(E. FAHRBACH, J. MEINCKE) Introduction 15 Formation of surface temperature and salinity characteristics 15 Distribution of temperature and salinity characteristics in the ocean interior 33 Formation of water masses 43 Large-scale distribution of water masses 47 Concluding remark 57 References for 4.2 57 
Chemical tracers in the ocean (W. ROETHER, M. RHEIN) 59 Introduction 59 Available tracers 59 Tracer measurement 61 Tracer geochemistry and boundary conditions 64 Tracer distribution 78 Tracer modeling 101 Outlook 114 Literature 115 References for 4.3 119 
General circulation dynamics (J. WILLEBRAND) 123 List of symbols 123 Introduction 124 Ekman layer 124 Coupling between barotropic and baroclinic flows 126 The wind-driven circulation 128 Thermocline dynamics 135 Inference of circulation patterns from hydrographic data 141 References for 4.4 149 
Ocean turbulence 151 
Basic features and classification (H. FRANZ) 151 List of symbols 151 Definition of turbulence 153 Main topics of investigation 154 
5.1.3 
Foundations and methods 157

5.1.4 
The equations for turbulent flows and results 169

5.1.5 
The spectra of turbulence 184

5.1.6 
Instability of laminar flow and generation of turbulence 196

5.1.7 
Tableau of marine turbulence 205

5.1.8 
References for 5.1 208

5.2 
Synoptic-scale variability (P. MLLER) 211

5.2.0 
List of symbols 211

5.2.1 
Introduction 212

5.2.2 
Observations 213

5.2.3 
Equations of motion 229

5.2.4 
Basic mechanisms and processes 242

5.2.5 
Numerical models 253

5.2.6 
Respective of dynamics 256

5.2.7 
References for 5.2 257

5.3 
The surface mixed layer (M. HANTEL) 259

5.3.0 
List of symbols 259

5.3.1 
Qualitative survey of the surface mixed layer 260

5.3.2 
Observations of the surface mixed layer 269

5.3.3 
Modeling the surface mixed layer 311

5.3.4 
References for 5.3 341

5.4 
The benthic boundary layer (G. GUST) 345

5.4.0 
List of symbols 345

5.4.1 
Introduction 346

5.4.3 
Observations on natural boundary layer flows 355

5.4.4 
Implications of field observations 380

5.4.5 
Unusual phenomena in the benthic boundary layer 390

5.4.6 
Envoy 391

5.4.7 
References for 5.4 392



