Landolt-Brnstein Group III
: Condensed Matter
Volume 25 

Atomic Defects in Metals 

Introductory material 
1 
Production of atomic defects in metals (P. JUNG) 1

1.1 
Introduction 1

1.1.1 
General remarks 1

1.1.2 
Definitions 1

1.1.3 
Symbols and units 1

1.1.4 
Abbreviations 2

1.2 
Methods to produce atomic defects in metals 3

1.3 
Stability of atomic defects in metals 3

1.4 
Methods to determine concentrations of atomic defects in metals 4

1.5 
Production of atomic defects in metals in thermal equilibrium 4

1.6 
Production of atomic defects in metals by plastic deformation 5

1.7 
Production of atomic defects in metals by irradiation 6

1.7.1 
Production of atomic defects in pure, polycrystalline metals 8

1.7.1.1 
Electron irradiation 8

1.7.1.2 
Ion irradiation 11

1.7.1.3 
Ion implantation 13

1.7.1.4 
Thermal neutron irradiation 14

1.7.1.5 
Fission neutron, fast neutron, and fission fragment irradiation 15

1.7.2 
Production of atomic defects in pure, single crystalline metals 16

1.7.2.1 
Displacement energy maps 16

1.7.2.2 
Average displacement energy 18

1.7.3 
Production of atomic defects in predamaged metals 19

1.7.3.1 
Quenched metals 19

1.7.3.2 
Deformed metals 19

1.7.3.3 
Preirradiated metals 20

1.7.4 
Production of atomic defects in metals at high defect densities 20

1.7.4.1 
Subthreshold effects 20

1.7.4.2 
Defect saturation 21

1.7.4.3 
Cascade production 24

1.7.5 
Production of atomic defects in alloys 26

1.7.5.1 
Dilute alloys 26

1.7.5.2 
Concentrated alloys 27

1.7.5.3 
Ordered alloys 27

1.7.6 
Production of atomic defects in metallic glasses 31

1.7.7 
Surface effects 31

1.7.7.1 
Threshold energy for sputtering 31

1.7.7.2 
Energy dependence of the sputtering yield 33

1.7.7.3 
Dependence of the sputtering yield on crystal orientation 33

1.7.7.4 
Temperature dependence of the sputtering yield 33

1.7.8 
Temperature effects on the production of atomic defects in metals 34


1.7.9 
1.7.9.1 
1.7.9.2 
1.7.9.3 
2

Computer simulation of atomic defect production 34

Computer simulation of low energy events 34

Computer simulation of high energy cascades 35

Computer simulation of temperature effects on atomic defect production 36

Figures for 1 37

References for 1 77

Properties and interactions of atomic defects in metals and alloys 88

Introduction (P. EHRHART) 88

General remarks 88

Frequently used symbols and abbreviations 90

Characterization of interstitial atoms and vacancies 92

Formation entropies and energies and equilibrium concentrations 92

Structure of defects and their agglomerates 93

Defect dynamics, migration energies and jump frequencies 95

Defect-solute interaction 98

Defect reactions and annealing stages 100

Experimental methods 102

Residual electrical resistivity (..) 102

Calorimetry (Cal) 102

Differential dilatometry (DD) 103

Diffuse scattering of X-rays or neutrons, Huang scattering (DXS) 103

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) 104

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) 104

Mechanical relaxation (elastic after-effect, internal friction, ultrasonic attenuation) 104

(MechR)
Magnetic relaxation (MagR) 104

Change of the elastic constants (.cij) 105

Mssbauer spectroscopy (MS) 105

Perturbed angular correlation (PAC) 105

Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) 106

Muon spin rotation experiments (SR) 106

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 106

Ion channeling (Chann) 107

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 107

Field ion microscopy (FIM) 107

Thermal helium desorption spectroscopy (THDS) 107

108 
115 
115 
121 
122 
122 
125 
135 
138 
140 
147 


Nb 149

Ta 161

V 173

W 179

References for 2.2 191



2.3	
fcc metals (P. EHRHART) 202

2.3.1	
Special remarks 202

2.3.2	
Data 203

Ag 203

Al 211

Au 224

Ce 230

Cu 231

Ir 241

Ni 242

Pb 250

Pd 254

Pt 256

Rh 262

Th 263



2.4	
hcp metals (P. EHRHART) 264

2.4.1	
Special remarks 264

2.4.2	
Data 265

Be 265

Cd 266

Co 271

Mg 274

Re 278

Sc 281

Tl 282

Ti 282

Y 284

Zn 284

Zr 288

RE 296



2.5	
Metals with other structures (P. EHRHART) 304

2.5.1	
Special remarks 304

2.5.2	
Data 304

Bi 304

Ga 306

Hg 307

In 308

Sb 309

Sn 310

U 312



2.6	
Concentrated alloys (P. EHRHART) 313

2.6.1	
Special remarks 313

2.6.2	
Data 316

Ag-Al 316

Ag-Au 318

Ag-Zn 320

Al-Cu 322

Al-Fe 324

Al-Ni 329

Au-Cu 332

Co-Fe 338

Co-Pt 343

Cr-Fe 343

Cr-Ni 349

Cu-Mn 351

Cu-Ni 352

Cu-Zn 354

Fe-Ni 358

Mn-Ni 360

Mo-Ni 361

Superconducting alloys 361

References for 2.1 and 2.3 - 2.6 363



3	
Helium in metals (H. ULLMAIER) 380

3.1	
Introduction 380

3.1.1	
General remarks 380

3.1.2	
Symbols and abbreviations 381

3.1.3	
Experimental and theoretical methods 383

3.2	
Production processes and rates 385

3.2.1	
(n,a)-reactions 385

3.2.2	
Other nuclear reactions 386

3.2.3	
Implantation 386

3.2.4	
Concurrent displacement damage 388

3.2.5	
Tritium decay 388

3.3	
Atomistic properties 389

3.3.1	
Interstitial and substitutional solubility 389

3.3.2	
Binding to defects 391

3.3.3	
Diffusion 395

3.4	
Clusters and bubbles 397

3.4.1	
Formation without vacancy clustering 397

3.4.2	
Nucleation involving vacancy migration 398

3.4.3	
Growth and coarsening 400

Figures for 3 402

References for 3 432

Subject index for 3 436





2.1 
2.1.1 
2.1.2 
2.1.3 
2.1.3.1 
2.1.3.2 
2.1.3.3 
2.1.3.4 
2.1.3.5 
2.1.4 
2.1.4.1 
2.1.4.2 
2.1.4.3 
2.1.4.4 
2.1.4.5 
2.1.4.6 
2.1.4.7 
2.1.4.8 
2.1.4.9 
2.1.4.10 
2.1.4.11 
2.1.4.12 
2.1.4.13 
2.1.4.14 
2.1.4.15 
2.1.4.16 
2.1.4.17 
2.1.4.18 
2.2 
2.2.1 
2.2.2 
2.2.3 
Figures for 2.1

bcc metals (H. SCHULTZ)
Special remarks
Concepts of data evaluation
Data
Cr
Fe
K
Li
Mo
Na

