Landolt-Brnstein Group III
: Condensed Matter
Volume 19 

Magnetic Properties of Metals 
Subvolume I1 Magnetic Alloys for Technical Applications. Soft Magnetic Alloys, Invar and Elinvar Alloys 
Introductory material
7 
Magnetic alloys for technical applications 1

7.1 
Soft magnetic alloys, Invar and Elinvar alloys 1

7.1.1 
High-purity iron and low-carbon steels (G. BERTOTTI, F. FIORILLO) 1

7.1.1.1 
Introduction 1

7.1.1.2 
Physical properties 2

7.1.1.2.1 
Phase diagrams, thermal and electrical properties 3

7.1.1.2.2 
Mechanical properties 6

7.1.1.3 
Saturation magnetization, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, magnetostriction 9

7.1.1.4 
Structure-dependent magnetic properties 11

7.1.1.4.1 
Magnetization curve, hysteresis loop, losses 12

7.1.1.4.2 
Magnetic aging, aftereffect, magnetomechanical damping 21

7.1.1.5 
References for 7.1.1 30

7.1.2 
Crystalline Fe-Si, Fe-Al, and Fe-Si-Al alloys (G. BERTOTTI, F. FIORILLO) 33

7.1.2.1 
Introduction 33

7.1.2.2 
Physical properties of Fe-Si, Fe-Al, and Fe-Si-Al alloys 35

7.1.2.2.1 
Phase diagrams, lattice parameters and density, thermal expansion 35

7.1.2.2.2 
Elastic constants, mechanical properties 45

7.1.2.2.3 
Electrical resistivity 48

7.1.2.3 
Basic magnetic properties of Fe-Si, Fe-Al, and Fe-Si-Al alloys 49

7.1.2.3.1 
Saturation magnetization and Curie temperature 50

7.1.2.3.2 
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy 51

7.1.2.3.3 
Magnetostriction constants 55

7.1.2.3.4 
Magnetic viscosity 59

7.1.2.4 
Silicon-iron single crystals 64

7.1.2.4.1 
Hysteresis loop properties, magnetic domains, magnetostriction 64

7.1.2.4.2 
Domain wall dynamics and magnetic losses 70

7.1.2.5 
Grain-oriented 3 wt % silicon steels 77

7.1.2.5.1 
Processing and microstructure 81

7.1.2.5.2 
Textural properties and magnetic domains 87

7.1.2.5.3 
Magnetization curves, hysteresis loops, coercive field, permeability 89

7.1.2.5.4 
Magnetic loss dependence on magnetizing frequency, induction, temperature 94

7.1.2.5.5 
Magnetic loss dependence on grain orientation, sheet thickness, stress 97

7.1.2.5.6 
Magnetostriction 102

7.1.2.6 
Nonoriented silicon steels 105

7.1.2.6.1 
Processing and microstructure 108

7.1.2.6.2 
Magnetization curve, anisotropy, magnetostriction 113

7.1.2.6.3 
Magnetic losses 116

7.1.2.7 
Rapidly solidified Fe-Si alloys 121

7.1.2.7.1 
Hysteresis loops, coercive field, permeability 123

7.1.2.7.2 
Magnetic losses 129




7.1.2.8 
7.1.2.9 
7.1.3 
7.1.3.1 
7.1.3.1.1 
7.1.3.1.2 
7.1.3.1.3 
7.1.3.2 
7.1.3.3 
7.1.3.3.1 
7.1.3.3.2 
7.1.3.3.3 
7.1.3.3.4 
7.1.3.3.4.1 
7.1.3.3.4.2 
7.1.3.3.4.3 
7.1.3.3.4.4 
7.1.3.3.4.5 
7.1.3.4 
7.1.3.4.1 
7.1.3.4.2 
7.1.3.4.3 
7.1.3.5 
7.1.3.6 
7.1.4 
7.1.4.1 
7.1.4.2 
7.1.4.2.1 
7.1.4.2.2 
7.1.4.2.3 
7.1.4.2.4 
7.1.4.3 
7.1.4.4 
7.1.4.5 
7.1.4.6 
7.1.5 
7.1.5.1 
7.1.5.2 
7.1.5.3 
7.1.5.4 
7.1.5.5 
7.1.5.6 
Sendust alloys 133

References for 7.1.2 139

Application-oriented amorphous ferromagnetic alloys 144

(S.
 ROTH, A.R. FERCHMIN, S. KOBE)Introduction 144

General remarks 144

Correlation between different extrinsic properties, composition, intrinsic properties 145

and preparation
How to find the data for a specific alloy in this chapter 146

Materials and properties - guide 146

Properties derived from the hysteresis loop 154

Introduction 154

Properties derived from the magnitude of the hysteresis loop 155

Properties derived from the shape of the hysteresis loop 156

Properties derived from the hysteresis loop - Figures 157

157 
168 
171 
173 
176 
177 
177 
181 
182 
183 
189 
193 
193 
195 
195 
197 
199 
200 
202 
208 
209 
213 
214 
214 
216 


Mn- or Cr-based antiferromagnetic Elinvar alloys 228

Nb- or Pd-based nonmagnetic Elinvar alloys 231

Fe-, Ni- and Pd-based amorphous Elinvar alloys 235

References for 7.1.5 238


Fe alloys
Fe-V and Fe-Cr alloys
Co-Fe alloys
Fe-Ni alloys
Co-Fe-TM alloys (TM = Cr, Ni)
Induced magnetic anisotropy
Field-induced anisotropy
Stress-induced anisotropy
Anisotropy induced by cold rolling
Magnetostriction
References for 7.1.3

Invar alloys (K. FUKAMICHI)
Introduction
Fe-based alloy systems
Thermal expansion curves of Fe-Ni alloys
Fe-Ni-Co alloy system (Super Invar)
Co-Fe-Cr alloy system (Stainless Invar)
Fe-Pd and Fe-Pt alloy systems
Mn-based alloy systems
Cr-based alloy systems
Amorphous alloy systems
References for 7.1.4

Elinvar alloys (K. FUKAMICHI)
Introduction
Fe- or Co-based ferromagnetic Elinvar alloys

