Landolt-Brnstein Group VI
: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Volume 3 

Astronomy and Astrophysics 

Subvolume C Interstellar Matter, Galaxy, Universe 
Introductory material 
7 
Interstellar matter 1

7.1 
Phenomena of the generally distributed medium 1

7.2 
Cool interstellar clouds 15

7.3 
HII regions 22

7.4 
Physics of interstellar dust 29

7.5 
Physics of the interstellar gas 34

7.6 
Cosmic rays 37

7.6.1 
Introduction 37

7.6.2 
The main experiments 37

7.6.3 
Direct experiments 41

7.6.4 
Ground-based experiments 46

7.6.5 
The main elements in the TeV range 51

7.6.6 
The isotope ratios 63

7.6.7 
Electrons, positrons, photons and antiprotons 65

7.6.8 
The allparticle spectrum 70

7.6.9 
The highest energy events 75

7.6.10 
Theoretical attempts 77

7.7 
Interstellar magnetic field 91

8 
Our Galaxy 95

8.1 
Positions, motions, parallaxes of stars 95

8.1.1 
Star positions 95

8.1.2 
Proper motions 113

8.1.3 
Radial velocities 118

8.1.4 
Parallaxes 124

8.2 
The nearest stars 128

8.3 
Structure of the Galaxy 137

8.3.0 
Introduction, Proceedings for 8.3 137

8.3.1 
Apparent distribution of galactic objects on the celestial sphere 139

8.3.2 
The local star field 142

8.3.3 
Large-scale distribution of the stars 146

8.3.4 
Large-scale distribution of interstellar matter 150

8.3.5 
The galactic center 159

8.3.6 
Properties of the Galaxy as a whole 170

8.4 
Kinematics and dynamics 171

8.4.1 
Kinematics 171

8.4.2 
Dynamics 174

9 
Galaxies and the universe 179

9.1 
General information and integral properties of galaxies 179

9.1.1 
Catalogues, atlases, positions 179

9.1.2 
Apparent integral properties of galaxies 198

9.1.3 
Qualitative classification of galaxies 210

9.1.4 
Properties of galaxies 231

9.2 
Internal structure and dynamics of galaxies 236

9.2.1 
Stellar and gaseous content of normal galaxies 236

9.2.2 
The ellipticity of galaxies 236

9.2.3 
Luminosity distribution 237

9.2.4 
Spiral structure 237

9.2.5 
Radio radiation of normal galaxies 237

9.2.6 
Rotation, kinematics, dynamics 243

9.3 
Galaxies with special peculiarities; pairs, groups and clusters of galaxies 260

9.3.1 
Galaxies with special peculiarities 261

9.3.2 
Pairs of galaxies 261

9.3.3 
Groups of galaxies 263

9.3.4 
Clusters of galaxies 264

9.3.5 
Superclusters and large-scale structure 265

9.4 
Evolution of galaxies 266

9.4.1 
Formation of galaxies 266

9.4.2 
Evolution of galaxies 267

9.4.3 
Starbursts 267

9.4.4 
Star formation activity in normal galaxies 268

9.4.5 
1997 Update to 9.4 269

9.5 
Quasars and active galactic nuclei 296

9.5.1 
Definition 296

9.5.2 
Classification 296

9.5.3 
Discovery and surveys 300

9.5.4 
AGN evolution 301

9.5.5 
The host galaxy of AGN 302

9.5.6 
AGN continuum 302

9.5.7 
AGN emission lines 306

9.5.8 
Line and continuum correlations 312

9.5.9 
AGN absorption lines 312

9.5.10 
AGN models 313

9.6 
Extragalactic radio sources 320

9.6.1 
Observational methods 321

9.6.2 
Surveys 323

9.6.3 
Basic relations 327

9.6.4 
Extended sources 330

9.6.5 
Compact sources 335

9.6.6 
Physics of extended and compact radio sources 340

9.7 
Cosmology 366

9.7.1 
List of symbols (See Vol. 2C) 
9.7.2 
Friedmann cosmologies (See Vol. 2C) 
9.7.3 
Observations supporting basic assumptions 367

9.7.4 
Redshift 371

9.7.5 
The determination of the Hubble constant H0 372

9.7.6 
The determination of q0 374

9.7.7 
Constituents of the universe (See Vol. 2C) 
9.7.8 
The time scale of the universe 376

9.7.9 
Other comologies (See Vol. 2C) 
9.7.10 
Formation of cosmic large scale structure 377

9.7.11 
Particle physics and cosmology 383


