ISBN: 3540655484
TITLE: X-Ray Spectroscopy in Astrophysics
AUTHOR: Paradijs, Jan van; Bleeker, Johan A.M. (Eds.)
TOC:

Contents
Continuum Processes in X-Ray and gamma-Ray Astronomy
M. S. Longair
1 Introduction 1
2 Continuum Radiation Processes from Hot and Relativistic Plasmas 2
3 Basic Radiation Concepts 4
3.1. The radiation of an accelerated charged particle - J.J. Thomson's treatment 5
3.2 Thomson scattering 8
3.3 Radiation of an accelerated electron - improved version 13
3.4 A useful relativistic invariant 15
3.5 Parseval's theorem and the spectral distribution of the radiation of an accelerated electron 16
4 Bremsstrahlung 17
4.1 Encounters between charged particles 17
4.2 The spectrum and energy loss rate of bremsstrahlung 19
4.3 Non-relativistic and thermal bremsstrahlung 22
4.4 Non-relativistic and relativistic bremsstrahlung losses 24
5 Hot Gas in Clusters of Galaxies 27
5.1 The properties of rich clusters of galaxies 27
5.2 Hot gas in clusters of galaxies and isothermal gas spheres 28
5.3 X-ray observations of hot gas in clusters of galaxies 32
5.4 Cooling flows in clusters of galaxies 34
5.5 The Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in hot intra-cluster gas 36
5.6 The X-ray thermal bremsstrahlung of hot intergalactic gas 38
5.7 The origin of the hard X-ray background 40
6 Synchrotron Radiation 43
6.1 Motion of an electron in a uniform, static magnetic field 44
6.2 The total energy loss rate 45
6.3 Non-relativistic gyroradiation and cyclotron radiation 47
6.4 The spectral distribution of radiation from a single electron - physical arguments 51
6.5 The spectrum of synchrotron radiation - improved version 55
6.6 The synchrotron radiation of a power law distribution of electron energies 57
6.7 Why is synchrotron radiation taken so seriously? 58
6.8 Synchrotron self-absorption 61
6.9 Distortions of injection spectra of the electrons 64
6.10 The energetics of sources of synchrotron radiation 68
7 Inverse Compton Scattering 73
8 Synchro-Compton Radiation and the Inverse Compton Catastrophe 79
9 gamma-Ray Processes, Photon-Photon Interactions and the Compactness Parameter 84
9.1 Electron-positron annihilation 85
9.2 Photon-photon collisions 87
9.3 The compactness parameter 88
10 Relativistic Beaming 89
11 The Acceleration of Charged Particles 97
References 106
Atomic Physics of Hot Plasmas
R. Mewe
1 Introduction 109
I X-Ray Spectral Modeling of Hot Plasmas 110
2 Radiation Processes and Plasma Models 110
3 Spectral Modeling of Optically Thin Plasmas 113
3.1 General scheme 113
3.2 Spectral fitting with SPEX 113
4 Coronal Model 115
4.1 Deviations from the coronal CIE model approximation 117
II Ionization and Recombination in a Coronal Plasma 125
5 Ionization Balance 125
5.1 Accuracy of atomic physics for the ionization balance 126
5.2 Update of the ionization balance by improved calculations for the rate coefficients 127
6 Rate Coefficients for Ionization 128
6.1 Collisional ionization 128
7 Rate Coefficients for Recombination 135
7.1 Radiative recombination; the Milne equation 137
7.2 Dielectronic recombination 141
III Formation of X-Ray Spectra in a Coronal Plasma 145
8 Line Radiation 146
8.1 Excitation processes 148
8.2 Radiative transitions 157
9 Continuum Radiation 162
IV Diagnostics of Plasma Parameters 166
10 Electron Temperature 166
11 Elemental Abundances 167
12 Ionization Balance in NEI 167
13 Electron Density 167
14 Differential Emission Measure 170
15 Diagnostics of Satellite Lines 172
15.1 Dielectronic recombination (DR) satellite intensity 173
15.2 Inner-shell excitation (IE) 174
15.3 Inner-shell ionization (II) 175
15.4 Diagnostics 175
16 Comparison of Calculated Spectra and Accuracy 181
17 Summary 182
References 182
The X-Ray Spectral Properties of Photoionized Plasmas and Transient Plasmas
D.A. Liedahl
1 Introduction 189
2 Comptonization 193
2.1 Energy transfer in a single Compton scatter 195
2.2 The Compton y parameter 198
2.3 The Kompaneets equation 201
2.4 Compton heating and cooling 208
2.5 The Compton temperature 210
3 Spectroscopy of X-Ray Photoionized Plasmas 212
3.1 X-ray nebulae 213
3.2 The ionization parameter: overionization in the nebula 214
3.3 Differential emission measure distributions 219
3.4 Radiative recombination continua 221
3.5 Spectral signatures of recombination kinetics 224
3.6 Density diagnostics in X-ray photoionized plasmas 229
3.7 Fluorescent K-shell emission 234
3.8 Dielectronic recombination in X-ray photoionized plasmas 243
4 Transient Phases of Ionization Disequilibrium 248
4.1 Equilibration time and ionization time 250
4.2 A two-stage system 251
4.3 A three-stage system 252
4.4 Metastable energy levels in rapidly ionizing plasmas 254
4.5 A worked example: transient ionization of oxygen 258
References 266
X-Ray Spectroscopic Observations with ASCA and BeppoSAX
J.S. Kaastra
1 Introduction 269
1.1 X-ray spectroscopy 269
1.2 The ASCA and BeppoSAX missions 270
1.3 The most prominent spectral features observable with ASCA and BeppoSAX 272
2 A Few Notes on Spectral Data Fitting 274
2.1 Introduction 274
2.2 Data binning 274
2.3 Model binning 275
2.4 Calibration uncertainties 275
2.5 Spectral deconvolution 275
2.6 Statistics 276
2.7 Low count rates 277
2.8 Data presentation 278
2.9 Plasma models 278
3 Stellar Coronae 279
3.1 Introduction 279
3.2 Differential emission measure distribution techniques 280
3.3 Temperature structure 280
3.4 Abundances 283
3.5 Flares 284
3.6 Stellar evolution 285
4 Hot Stars 285
4.1 Introduction 285
4.2 Normal 0 and B stars 285
4.3 Luminous blue variables 286
4.4 Wolf-Rayet stars 286
5 Protostars and T Tauri Stars 287
5.1 Introduction 287
5.2 X-ray emission from protostars 287
5.3 X-ray emission from T Tauri stars 288
6 Cataclysmic Variables 289
6.1 Introduction 289
6.2 Non-magnetic cataclysmic variables 289
6.3 Intermediate polars 290
6.4 Polars 292
7 High-Mass X-Ray Binaries 293
7.1 Introduction 293
7.2 Vela X-1 293
7.3 Cyg x-3 295
7.4 Cen X-3 296
7.5 SS 433 296
7.6 Other cases 297
8 Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries 298
8.1 Introduction 298
8.2 4U 1626-67 298
8.3 Cir X-1 299
9 Supernova Remnants 301
9.1 Introduction 301
9.2 Oxygen-rich remnants: Cas A 303
9.3 Young type Ia remnants 304.
9.4 Old shell-like remnants 305
9.5 Synchrotron X-ray emission from SNRs 307
9.6 Crab-like remnants 307
9.7 Center-filled thermal remnants 308
9.8 Jets interacting with SNRs 308
9.9 Isolated pulsars 309
9.10 The Magellanic Cloud SNRs 310
9.11 Supernova explosions in distant galaxies 31l
10 Extended X-Ray Emission from Normal Galaxies 311
10.1 The galactic ridge 311
10.2 The galactic center 311
10.3 X-ray emission from other normal galaxies 314
11 Seyfert 1 Galaxies 315
11.1 The iron line 315
11.2 Warm absorbers 319
11.3 The power law component 320
11.4 Soft components 321
11.5 Low-luminosity AGN 322
11.6 Broad-line radio galaxies 322
12 Seyfert 2 Galaxies 323
12.1 Introduction 323
12.2 NGC 1068 323
12.3 NGC 6552 324
12.4 NGC 4945 325
12.5 NGC 1808 326
12.6 Other cases 326
12.7 Intermediate cases: narrow-line emission galaxies and others 326
13 Quasars 328
13.1 Radio-quiet quasars 328
13.2 Radio-loud quasars 330
13.3 Type 2 quasars 331
13.4 BL Lac objects 331
14 Clusters of Galaxies 331
14.1 Temperature distribution of the hot medium 332
14.2 The cooling flow and the central temperature distribution 333
14.3 Mass distribution 335
14.4 Groups of galaxies 336
14.5 Cluster mergers and dynamical evolution 336
14.6 Optical-depth effects 337
14.7 The quest for the Hubble constant 338
14.8 Abundances in nearby clusters 338
14.9 Abundances in distant clusters 339
14.10 Abundance gradients 339 
References 340
Future X-Ray Spectroscopy Missions
F. Paerels
1 Introduction 347
2 Resolving Powers of Interest in Astrophysical X-Ray Spectroscopy 348
2.1 Ionization stage spectroscopy 348
2.2 Excitation mechanism 348
2.3 Density diagnostics 349
2.4 Satellite line spectroscopy 351
2.5 Radiative recombination continuum spectroscopy 352
2.6 Thermal Doppler broadening 353
2.7 Compton scattering effects 353
2.8 Raman scattering 354
2.9 Fluorescence spectroscopy 355
2.10EXAFS spectroscopy 358
2.11Radial-velocity spectroscopy 359
3 X-Ray Astrophysical Spectrometers 360
3.1 Diffractive spectrometers 361
3.2 Non-diffractive spectrometers 366
3.3 Comparison with astrophysically significant resolving powers 367
3.4 The Rowland circle 369
4 The High Resolution X-Ray Spectrometers on AXAF 373
4.1 Introduction 373
4.2 The high energy transmission grating spectrometer 375
4.3 The diffraction efficiency of an X-ray transmission grating 382
4.4 The low energy transmission grating spectrometer 387
4.5 In Von Laue and Debye's footsteps: scattering by random fluctuations in the properties of a transmission grating 390
5 The Reflection Grating Spectrometers on XMM 397
5.1 Introduction 397
5.2 Properties of reflection gratings, and design of a grazing-incidence reflection grating spectrometer 398
5.3 Implementation of the design, and actual performance of the RGS 404
5.4 Examples 409
6 The Objective Crystal Spectrometer on Spectrum X/gamma 412
7 The Microcalorimeter Experiment on ASTRO-E 415
7.1 Introduction 415
7.2 Thermodynamic fluctuations 416
7.3 An alternative derivation 423
7.4 The microcalorimeter on ASTRO-E 428
8 The 21st Century 429
References 432
New Developments in X-Ray Optics
R. Willingale
1 Introduction 435
1.1 What is or are X-ray optics? 435
1.2 The fundamental interaction utilised in X-ray optics 435
1.3 The challenge of X-ray optics in astronomy 436
2 X-Ray Dispersion Theory 436
2.1 The classical electromagnetic theory 436
2.2 The origin of dispersion - optical constants for X rays 438
2.3 The Kramers-Kronig relations -measuring and calculating the refraction index for X rays 442
2.4 EXAFs 444
3 The Reflection of X Rays 444
3.1 Fresnel reflection 444
3.2 Reflection from multi-layers 446
3.3 Reflection from crystals 448
3.4 Reflection and transmission gratings 449
3.5 Scattering from surface roughness 450
4 Geometries for X-Ray Optics 452
4.1 The geometric theory of imaging 452
4.2 Grazing-incidence telescopes; Wolter type I and II and Kirkpatrick-Baez systems 455
4.3 Grating and crystal spectrometers 457
5 X-Ray Telescopes and Spectrometers 457
5.1 Optimization of the design 457
5.2 Types of primary X-ray mirror 458
5.3 Mirror coatings 463

5.4 AXAF and XMM 463
5.5 Assessing the performance of X-ray telescopes 467
5.6 Future X-ray astronomy missions 469
References 474
Instrumentation for X-Ray Spectroscopy
G. W. Fraser
1 Introduction 477
2 Astrophysical X-Ray Spectra as Measurable Objects 478
2.1 The primary energy band: 0.1-10 keV 478
2.2 The EUV band 481
2.3 The hard X-ray band: 10-100 keV 482
3 The Ideal Spectrometer 483
4 Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometers 485
4.1 Operating principles 485
4.2 Transmission grating spectrometers: examples from AXAF 487
4.3 Reflection gratings 487
4.4 Disadvantages of gratings: novel developments 490
4.5 Bragg crystal spectrometers 490
5 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy: Basic Principles 492
6 Cryogenic Detectors 497
6.1 Superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) 499
6.2 Microcalorimeters 503
References 508
Name Index 511
Subject Index 519
Object Index 527
END
