ISBN: 3540655654
TITLE: Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management
AUTHOR: Salomons, Wim; Turner, R. Kerry; Lacerda, Luiz D. de; Ramachandran, S. (Eds.)
Toc:

Introduction and Overview 1
Coastal Management Principles and Practice 1
References 9
Part I Methodological Principles 11
1 Principles and Benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management(ICZM) 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 PressureStateImpactResponse (PSIR) Framework 15
1.3 The Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) 18
1.4 Establishing Priorities for Management Actions 21
1.5 Characterising the Benefits of ICZM 22
1.6 Demonstrating the Benefits of ICZM 25
1.6.1 Without ICZM 26
1.6.2 With ICZM 28
1.7 Steps in Estimating ICZM Net Benefits 31
1.8 Conclusions 33
References 34
2 The Challenge of Demonstrating the Socioeconomic Benefits of Integrated Coastal Management 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 The Coastal Development Context 37
2.3 The Challenge of Optimising the Economic and Social Benefits Derived from Maintaining the Flow of Goods and Services Supplied by Coastal Ecosystems 40
2.3.1 The Need to Move Away From Current Sectoral Management Approaches 40
2.3.2 The Need for Improved Information to Demonstrate the Benefits of Integrated Coastal Management 41
2.3.3 The Basis for Integration 42
2.4 Means of Meeting the Challenge 44
2.4.1 Valuing Coastal Ecosystems and their Role in Sustaining Human Activities 44
2.4.2 A Simple Conceptual Model for Illustrating Role of Coastal Ecosystems in Sustaining Human Activities 48
2.5 Multipleuse Management of Coastal Areas and Associated Ecosystems Utilising the Concept of Integrated Coastal Management 51
2.6 Conclusions 51
References 52
3 Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development in Coastal Zone Regions: Using Natural Resource Accounts 55
3.1 The Need for a Comprehensive Framework to Represent Socioeconomic Systems 55
3.2 Natural Resource Accounting 56
3.3 Using Natural Resource Accounts in Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development in Indonesia 57
3.4 Results of Scenario Analysis 63
3.5 Institutional Factors Critical to Successful Implementation of Natural Resource Accounts 66
3.6 Relevance of Natural Resource Accounting to ICZM 67
References 67
4 Methods and Tools to Support ICZM 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 The Approach 69
4.2.1 General 69
4.2.2 The Issues 70
4.2.3 The Process 70
4.2.4 The Actions 72
4.3 Active Involvement of Stakeholders 72
4.4 The Integration of Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects 73
4.4.1 General 73
4.4.2 Step 1: Driving Forces and Pressures 75
4.4.3 Step 2: The State of the Environment 77
4.4.4 Step 3: Impact and Response 79
4.5 Policy Instruments to Coordinate Administrative and Governance Initiatives at Various Levels and in Different Sectors 80
4.5.1 General 80
4.5.2 Institutional Arrangements 81
4.5.3 Financing 81
4.5.4 Monitoring 81
4.6 Technical Instruments to Support Administrative and Governance Initiatives at Various Levels and in Different Sectors 83
4.6.1 Genera1 83
4.6.2 User Requirements 83
4.6.3 The LWI Concept 83
4.7 Human Resources Development and Technology Transfer 85
4.7.1 General 85
4.7.2 Scope of Technology Transfer 85
4.7.3 Phasing of Technology Transfer 87
References 87
5 Chances for Nature  A Matter of Substitution 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Nature as a Common 89
5.3 Substitution of Natural Capital 91
5.3.1 Capital Stock Theory 91
5.4 Views on Nature 92
5.4.1 Conservation View 92
5.4.2 Functionality 93
5.4.3 Coevolution 94
5.5 Valuation Implications 95
5.6 Conclusions and Discussion 96
References 98
6 The Role of Ecology in Coastal Zone Management: Perspectives from SouthEast Australia 99
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 DecisionMaking Against an Uncertain Background 101
6.2.1 Natural Ecological Systems 101
6.2.2 Temporal and Spatial Variation 103
6.2.3 LifeHistories and Scales of Management 104
6.3 Managerial Decisions as Experiments 105
6.3.1 Sewerage Outfalls on the Rocky Coast of New South Wales 105
6.3.2 Recreational Boating 107
6.3.3 Restoration of Wetlands 110
6.3.4 Marine Reserves and Intertidal Foraging for Bait and Food 115
6.4 Marginalization of Scientific Contributions in Australia 118
6.4.1 Biological Diversity and its Conservation 118
6.4.2 Reduction of Scientific Uncertainty for Managerial Decisions 120
6.5 Conclusions: Towards a New Scientific Social Contract 121
Acknowledgements 123
References 124
7 The Implications of Oceanographic Chaos for Coastal Management 129
7.1 Introduction 129
7.2 Water Currents 130
7.3 Suspended Sediment and Plankton 132
7.4 Turbidity and Seagrass 133
7.5 Coral, Fish and Prawn Larvae 134
7.6 Water Quality 136
7.7 River Plumes 137
7.8 Discussions 137
7.9 Conclusions 139
Acknowledgements 139
References 140
Part II Regional Practice and Experiences 143
8 Quality Status, Appropriate Monitoring and Legislation of the North Sea in Relation to its Assimilative Capacity 145
8.1 Introduction 145
8.2 The North Sea 146

8.2.1 Inputs and Outputs of Contaminants 146
8.2.2 Perceptions of the Health of the North Sea 150
8.3 Assimilative Capacity 151
8.3.1 Definitions 152
8.3.2 Quantification 153
8.3.3 For Individual Contaminants 156
8.3.4 A Resource of Economic Value 158
8.4 Chemical Versus Biological Monitoring of Assimilative Capacity 160
8.4.1 Chemical Monitoring 160
8.4.2 Biological Monitoring 162
8.4.3 An Integrated Approach to Monitoring 165
8.5 Environmentally Significant Pollutants 168
8.5.1 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 168
8.5.2 Organotins 169
8.6 Biological Evidence for Pollution Gradients in the North Sea 170
8.6.1 Gradients Related to Oil Rigs 170
8.6.2 Estuarine Inputs 171
8.6.3 Fish Embryo Abnormalities 173
8.6.4 UK East Coast Gradient 175
8.7 Biological and Ecological Quality Standards 177
8.8 Conclusions 178
Acknowledgements 178
References 179
9 Conservation and Management of Latin American Mangroves 183
9.1 Man and Mangroves in PreColumbian and Colonial America 183
3.2 Extent, Distribution and Composition of New World Mangroves 185
9.3 Mangrove Uses 188
9.4 Management of Mangrove Areas 190
Acknowledgements 192
References 193
10 Developing and Strategy for an ICZM in Cuba: Bases and Principles 195
10.1 Introduction 195
10.2 Coastal Ecosystems and their Main Problems 196
10.2.1 General Characteristics of the Cuban Platform 196
10.2.2 Main Coastal Ecosystems in Cuba 196
10.3 Coastal Protection: Precedents and Current Situation 200
10.3.1 Protection of Fisheries Resources 200

10.3.2 Scientific Research in Coastal Areas 201
10.3.3 Territorial Planning 202
10.3.4 Coastal Rehabilitation 202
10.3.5 Strengthening of the Institutional Basis 203
10.3.6 Improvement of the Legal Framework 203
10.3.7 International Activity 205
10.3.8 Facing the Climatic Changes 205
10.4 Final Objectives and Actions 206
10.5 Conclusions 208
References 208
11 Coastal Zone Management in India Problems, Practice and Requirements 211
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Indian Coastal Environment 211
11.3 Coastal Zone Problems in India 212
11.3.1 Population Pressure 212
11.3.2 Coastal Pollution 213
11.3.3 Coastal Environmental Degradation 215
11.3.4 Coastal Fisheries 216
11.3.4 Coastal Erosion 216
11.3.6 Conflicting Uses 216
11.3.7 Natural Hazards 217
11.4 Coastal Zone Management Initiatives in India 217
11.4.1 International Legal Instruments 217
11.4.2 National Legal Instruments 217
11.4.3 Coastal Regulation Zone Rule 218
11.5 Conservation Measures 220
11.5.1 Gulf of Mannar (Tamilnadu) 220
11.5.2 Gulf of Kuchch (Gujarat) 221
11.5.3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 221
11.6 Fisheries Management 222
11.7 Research and Development Programmes 222
11.8 Requirements in India 223
11.8.1 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan 223
11.8.2 An Agency for ICZM 224
Conclusions 224
References 225
12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Indonesia 227
12.1 Introduction 227
12.2 Status of Coastal Environment 227
12.3 Coastal Zone Problems in Indonesia 228
12.4 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Indonesia 229
12.5 Conclusions 232
References 232
13 Coastal Zone Management: Issues and Initiatives in Small South Asian Nations 235
13.1 Introduction 235
13.2 Human Activities in the Coastal Zone 236
13.3 Coastal Zone Management in Bangladesh 237

13.3.1 Mangroves 238
13.3.2 Coral Reefs and Seagrass Ecosystems 238
13.3.3 Threats to the Coastal Environments 239
13.3.4 State Initiatives and Legislation 242
13.4 Coastal Zone Management in Maldives 243
13.4.1 Marine Resources and Exploitation 243

13.4.2 Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments 243
13.4.3 Coastal Area Management Initiatives 245
13.5 Coastal Zone Management in Sri Lanka 246
13.5.1 Coastal Marine Habitats 246
13.5.2 Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments 248
13.5.3 Coastal Area Management Initiatives 250
13.6 Summary and Conclusions 251
References 253
Part III Case Studies 255
14 Tourist Development in the Costa Brava (Girona, Spain): A Quantification of Pressures on the Coastal Environment 257
14.1 Introduction 257
14.2 The Development of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava 258
14.3 Environmental Impacts of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava 261
14.3.1 Environmental Pollution 261
14.3.2 Preservation of the Natural Heritage (Exploitation of Natural Resources) 264
14.3.3 Preservation of the Natural Heritage (Physical occupation of the Territory) 270
14.4 The Management Framework 272
14.5 Concluding Remarks: The Need of a More Integrated Approach 274
Acknowledgements 276
References 276
15 Australian Integrated Coastal Management: A Case Study of the Great Barrier Reef 279
15.1 Introduction 279
15.2 Australia's National Coastal Zone Inquiry, 1993 281
15.3 Commonwealth (of Australia) Coastal Policy, 1995 282
15.4 The Great Barrier Reef 283

15.5 Management of the Great Barrier Reef 289
15.6 How Integrated is the Management of the Great Barrier Reef? 293
References 296
16 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Venezuela: The Maracaibo System 297
16.1 Introduction 297
16.2 General Description 300
16.3 Population Growth 301
16.4 Water Diversion and Impoundment 302
16.5 Pesticides and Industrial Wastes 303
16.6 Fisheries 303
16.7 Navigation 305
16.8 Oil Exploitation and Petrochemical Industries 305
16.9 Engineering Works 306
16.10 International Frame 307
16.11 The Nissos Amorgos Oil Spill 308
16.12 Outlook 309
Acknowledgements 310
References 310
17 Sustainable Developmental Planning in Ecologically Sensitive Dahanu Region on the West Coast of India 313
17.1 Introduction 313
17.2 Dahanu Region  Pressure, Response and Consequences 314
17.2.1 Land Use Changes 314
17.2.2 Changes in Aquatic Ecosystem 316
17.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 316
17.3.1 Dahanu Regional Plan 318
17.3.2 Protection and Preservation of Ecology 318
18 Management of Tokyo Bay 323
18.1 Introduction 323
18.1.1 Brief History 323
18.2 Analysis of Uses of Tokyo Bay and their Conflicts 325
18.2.1 Land Reclamation 327
18.2.2 Disposal of Solid Wastes 329
18.2.3 Living Marine Resources 331
18.2.4 Marine Transport 332
18.2.5 Liquid Waste Disposal and Water Quality 333
18.2.6 Waterbased Recreation 335
18.3 Analysis of Costs and Benefits of Alternative Policies 336
18.3.1 Formulation of the Analysis 337
18.3.2 The Model for Analyzing Benefits 340
18.3.3 Recreational Demand Functions 342
18.3.4 Water Quality Model 343
18.3.5 Estimating Costs 344
18.3.6 Estimating Net Benefits 346
18.4 Discussion of the Institutional Structure for Management 347
18.4.1 New Institutional Arrangements for Management of Tokyo Bay 350
18.5 Epilogue 353
19 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Sweden: Assessing Conflicts to Attain Sustainability 355
19.1 Context and Problems 355
19.2 Multiple Use and Conflicts 357
19.2.1 Fishing 357
19.2.2 Mariculture 358
19.2.3 Tourism and Recreation 359
19.2.4 Nature Conservation 359
19.2.5 Industry 359
19.2.6 Shipping and Navigation 360
19.2.7 Energy Use 360
19.3 Policy and Planning 361
19.3.1 Conceptual Framework 361
19.3.2 Guidelines for Implementation 362
19.3.3 The Commons 363
19.3.4 Governance 364
19.3.5 Integrated Management Process 365
19.4 Institutions and Environmental Legislation in Sweden 366
19.4.1 The Institutional Mechanism 366
19.4.2 Coastal Regulations in Sweden 367
19.5 Coastal Fisheries and Eutrophication: Sustainable Management Issues 369
19.5.1 Coastal Fisheries 369
19.5.2 Eutrophication 370
19.5.3 Coastal Management 371
19.6 Conclusions 372
References 373
Index 377
END
