ISBN: 3-540-65720-7
TITLE: Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substances
AUTHOR: Wingender, Jost; Neu, Thomas R.; Flemming, Hans-Curt (Eds.)
TOC:

What are Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances?
Jost Wingender, Thomas R. Neu, Hans-Curt Flemming 1
1 Introduction 1
2 Definitions of EPS 2
3 Composition, Secretion and Spatial Arrangement of EPS 4
4 Industrial and Clinical Importance of EPS 9
5 Bacterial Alginate  an Example of Bacterial EPS 10
6 Functions of EPS 11
7 Ecological Aspects of EPS 13
References 15
In Situ Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) in Biofilm Systems
Thomas R. Neu, John R. Lawrence 21
1 Introduction 22
1.1 Traditional Approaches for Studying Microbial Polysaccharides 22
1.2 Change of Paradigms 22
1.3 In situ Methods 23
2 Destructive Analysis of EPS 23
2.1 Chemical Techniques 23
2.1.1 Extraction 23
2.1.2 Analysis 24
2.2 Electron Microscopy 24
2.3 Scanning Probe Techniques 26
3 Non-Destructive Analysis of EPS 27
3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 27
3.2 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) 28
3.3 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) 29
4 CLSM Approach 29
4.1 Probes for Analysis of EPS 29
4.1.1 Polysaccharides 30
4.1.2 Proteins 31
4.1.3 Nucleic Acids 32
4.2 Physicochemical Characterization of EPS Matrix 32
4.2.1 Charge Distribution 32
4.2.2 Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity 32
4.2.3 Permeability 33
4.3 EPS Bound and Associated Molecules 33
5 Image Analyses and Three-Dimensional Data Presentation 33
5.1 Analyses Techniques 34
5.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging 35
5.3 Three-Dimensional Display 35
6 Case Studies: In Situ Characterization of EPS 36
7 Limitations of Non-Destructive Analyses 40
7.1 FT-IR/ATR 40
7.2 NMR 41
7.3 CLSM 41
References 42
Extraction of EPS
Per H. Nielsen, Andreas Jahn 49
1 Introduction 50
1.1 Definition of EPS 50
1.2 Composition of EPS 51
1.3 Extraction Procedure 52
2 Sampling and Pretreatment 54
2.1 Sampling and Storage 54
2.2 Homogenization 54
2.3 Washing 54
3 Extraction of EPS 54
3.1 Selection of an Appropriate Extraction Method 55
3.2 Physical Methods 55
3.3 Chemical Methods 58
3.4 Combination of Physical and Chemical Methods 61
4 Contamination by Intracellular Macromolecules 61
5 Disruption of Macromolecules 64
6 Extraction Efficiency 65
7 Purification and Analysis 68
8 Conclusion 68
References 69
Biofilm Exopolysaccharides
Ian W. Sutherland 73
1 Introduction 73
2 Polysaccharide Composition and Structure 76
3 Promotion of Order and Gelation 81
4 Ionic Interactions 83
5 Synergistic Effects 83
6 Other Functions of Biofilm Exopolysaccharides 84
7 Dissolution of Physical Structures 87
8 Conclusions 88
References 89
Regulation of Matrix Polymer in Biofilm Formation and Dispersion
David G. Davies 93
1 Alginate Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 93
2 Regulation of Alginate Biosynthetic Genes During Biofilm Development 100
3 Control of Biofilm Dispersion 104
4 Activation of Alginate Biosynthesis and Chemical Communication in Biofilms 106
5 P. aeruginosa Biofilm Life Cycle 110
References 112
Exopolymers of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria
Iwona B. Beech, Rudi C. Tapper 119
Analysis and Function of the EPS from the Strong Acidophile Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Wolfgang Sand, Tilman Gehrke 127
1 Introduction 127
2 Leaching Bacteria 129
3 Metal Sulfide Dissolution 130
4 EPS Analysis 132
5 Function of EPS 135
6 Conclusions 138
References 140
Physical and Chemical Properties of Extracellular Polysaccharides Associated with Biofilms and Related Systems
Bjrn E. Christensen 143
1 Introduction 143
2 Biopolymer Gels 145
3 Physical Characterization of Biofilms 146
4 Chemical and Biochemical Characterization of Biofilms 147
5 Bacterial Alginates 149
References 153
Chemical Communication Within Microbial Biofilms: Chemotaxis and Quorum Sensing in Bacterial Cells
Alan W. Decho 155
1 Introduction 155
2 Bacterial Chemotaxis and Initial Aggregations of Cells 156
3 Microspatial Patterns and Movement of Bacteria Within Biofilms 157
4 Bacterial Quorum Sensing: Induction and Regulation of Activities 158
4.1 Model Systems 159
4.1.1 Homoserine Lactone (Autoinducer) Signals 159
4.1.2 The Vibrio fischeri System 160
4.2 Other Chemical Signals 160
4.2.1 Conjugation and Pheromone-Inducible Gene Expression in Enterococcus faecalis 160
4.2.2 Cyanobacteria Systems 161
4.3 Functional Roles of Quorum Sensing 162
4.4 Specificity of Autoinduction Process 162
5 Enhancement of Chemotaxis and Quorum Sensing Processes by the Biofilm Matrix 162
6 The Biofilm as a Microbial Organism 164
References 165
Function of EPS
Gideon M. Wolfaardt, John R. Lawrence, Darren R. Korber 171
1 Introduction 172
2 Role of EPS in Cellular Associations 172
2.1 Suspended and Attached Cells 172
2.2 Coaggregation, Consortial Behavior, and Floc Formation 173
2.3 Biofilm Formation 174
2.4 Genetic Transfer 175
3 Role of EPS in Nutrition 177
3.1 Production of EPS as a Nutrient Reserve 178
3.2 Accumulation of Nutrients by EPS 178
4 Role of EPS in the Interaction of Microorganisms with their Biological, Physical, and Chemical Environment 181
4.1 EPS and the Micro-Environment 181
4.2 EPS as a Physical Barrier to Solute Translocation 183
4.3 Role in Enzyme Reactions 185
4.4 Role in Pathogenicity and Protection Against Host Defense Mechanisms 186
4.5 Protective Role Against Predation/Digestion 186
4.6 Microbial-Plant Associations 188
4.7 Effect of Environmental Conditions 189
5 EPS and the Macro-Environment 190
5.1 Stabilization of the Environment 190
5.2 Microbial-Mineral Interactions 191
5.3 Controls on Flow 192
5.4 Role of EPS in the Bio-Accumulation of Contaminants 193
6 Conclusions 194
References 195
Polysaccharases in Biofilms  Sources  Action  Consequences!
Ian W. Sutherland 201
1 Polysaccharases in Biofilms 201
2 Nature of Polysaccharases 202
3 Sources of Polysaccharases 202
3.1 The Endogenous Production of Polysaccharases 202
3.2 The Exogenous Production of Polysaccharases 205
3.3 Bacteriophage 205
4 Effects of Enzymes on Biofilms 210
5 Application of Enzymes to Biofilms 212
References 213
Extracellular Enzymes Within Microbial Biofilms and the Role of the Extracellular Polymer Matrix
Monica Hoffman, Alan W. Decho 217
1 Introduction: Importance of Extracellular Enzymes to Bacterial Cells and Organic Matter Processing 217
2 The Microbial Biofilm and Extracellular Polymers 219
3 Extracellular Polymers as a "Sorptive Sponge" and "Colloidal Trap" for High-Molecular-Weight Organic Matter 220
4 Localization of Enzymes by Extracellular Polymers: the "Lectin-Localization Model" 221
5 "Extracellular Polymer Microdomains" and the Stability of Extracellular Enzymes 223
6 Environmental Influences on Enzyme Activity 225
7 Biofilm Induction and Regulation of Extracellular Enzymes 225
7.1 Induction of Extracellular Enzymes at the Physiological Level 226
7.2 Regulation of Enzyme Activity by Extracellular Factors 226
References 227
Interaction Between Extracellular Polysaccharides and Enzymes
Jost Wingender, Karl-Erich Jaeger, Hans-Curt Flemming 231
1 Extracellular Enzymes in Biofilms 231
2 Mechanisms of Enzyme and Polysaccharide Secretion 235
2.1 Secretion of Enzymes 235
2.1.1 The ABC Pathway 236
2.1.2 The General Secretory Pathway 236
2.1.3 The Contact Site-Dependent Pathway 238
2.2 Secretion of Polysaccharides 239
3 Interaction of Enzymes with Extracellular Polysaccharides 239
4 Consequences of Enzyme-Polysaccharide Interactions in Biofilms 246
References 247
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