ISBN: 3540664114
TITLE: High Nitrogen Steels
AUTHOR: Gavriljuk, Valentin G.; Berns, Hans
TOC:

1 Structure 1
1.1 State of nitrogen atoms in austenite 2
1.1.1 Electronic structure 3
1.1.1.1 Interatomic electron exchange 7
1.1.1.2 Experimental studies of electronic structure 10
1.1.2 Distribution of nitrogen and carbon atoms 14
1.1.2.1 Thermodynamical characteristics of solid solutions 14
1.1.2.2 Thermodynamical models of Fe-C(N) austenite 20
1.1.2.3 Monte Carlo method for thermodynamical simulation of solid solutions 24
1.1.2.4 C-C interaction and atomic configurations of carbon in Fe-C austenite 26
1.1.2.5 N-N interaction and atomic configurations of nitrogen in Fe-N austenite 29
1.1.2.6 Correlation between atomic interaction and short range atomic order 33
1.1.3 Interaction of nitrogen atoms with substitutional solutes 42
1.1.3.1 Estimation of interaction energies s-i 43
1.1.3.2 Crystalline symmetry of s-i defects 45
1.1.4 Interaction of nitrogen atoms with crystal lattice imperfections 49
1.1.4.1 Vacancies 50
1.1.4.2 Dislocations 51
1.1.4.3 Grain boundaries 56
1.1.5 Dislocations and twins in nitrogen austenite 58
1.1.5.1 Stacking fault energy 58
1.1.5.2 Dislocation structure and twins 62
1.2 Distribution of nitrogen atoms in martensite 65
1.2.1 Freshly formed Fe-N martensite 66
1.2.2 Early stages of ageing and tempering of nitrogen martensite 71
2 Constitution 77
2.1. Thermodynamics of multicomponent solutions 77
2.1.1 Solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron and steel 79
2.1.1.1 Effect of alloying elements 80
2.1.1.2 Effect of temperature 82
2.1.1.3 Effect of pressure 83
2.2 Binary Fe-N diagramme 84
2.3 Multicomponent phase diagrams 91
2.3.1 The calculation of phase diagrams 91
2.3.2 The Fe-Cr-Ni-N phase diagram 93
2.3.3 The Fe-Cr-Mn-N phase diagram 100
2.4 Precipitates in austenitic steels 102
2.4.1 Intermetallic phases 102
2.4.2 Carbides 108
2.4.3 Effect of nitrogen on precipitation 109
2.4.4 Electron concept for stability of austenitic steels 116
2.5 Precipitates in martensitic steels 119
3 Key properties 135
3.1 Mechanical properties 135
3.1.1 Solid solution strengthening 136
3.1.1.1 Athermal strengthening 137
3.1.1.2 Temperature dependence of the yield strength 143
3.1.2 Strengthening by grain boundaries 153
3.1.3 Cold work strengthening 159
3.1.4 Toughness 169
3.1.5 Fatigue 173
3.1.5.1 Austenitic steels 173
3.1.5.2 Martensitic and duplex steels 179
3.1.6 Creep 180
3.1.7 Wear 183
3.2 Chemical properties 185
3.2.1 General corrosion 186
3.2.2 Localised corrosion 188
3.2.2.1 Intercrystalline corrosion 188
3.2.2.2 Pitting 190
3.2.2.3 Crevice corrosion 194
3.2.2.4 Stress corrosion cracking 195
3.2.3 Hydrogen embrittlement 198
4 Manufacturing 203
4.1 Uptake of nitrogen 203
4.1.1 Alloying 205
4.1.2 Pressure metallurgy 206
4.1.3 Powder metallurgy 213
4.1.4 Solution nitriding 215
4.2 Hot working 218
4.2.1 Process 219
4.2.2 Microstructure 220
4.2.3 Surface effects 221
4.3 Welding 223
4.3.1 Pressure welding 223
4.3.2 Fusion welding 224
4.4 Heat treatment 226
4.4.1 Holding at high temperature 227
4.4.2 Cooling 229
4.5 Machining 229
4.5.1 Experimental conditions 229
4.5.2 Results 230
4.6 Products 232
5 Steels and applications 235
5.1 Martensitic steels 236
5.1.1 Hard stainless steels 238
5.1.2 Wear resistant stainless steels 242
5.1.3 High-speed steels 245
5.1.4 Nickel - martensitic stainless steels 248
5.1.5 Stainless quench-and-temper steels 250
5.1.6 Steels for inlet valves 253
5.1.7 Hot work tool steels 255
5.1.8 Creep resistant low-alloy steel 257
5.1.9 Creep resistant high alloy steels 259
5.2 Austenitic steels 263
5.2.1 Standard stainless steels 265
5.2.2 Low cost stainless steels 267
5.2.3 High strength stainless steels 271
5.2.4 Body friendly steels 275
5.2.5 Steels of high corrosion resistance 276
5.2.6 Cryogenic non-magnetic steels 280
5.2.7 Steels for exhaust valves 284
5.2.8 Creep resistant steels 286
5.2.9 High temperature nickel alloys 289
5.3 Steels of mixed microstructure 291
5.3.1 Stainless ferritic-martensitic dual-phase steels 292
5.3.2 Stainless austenitic-martensitic steels 294
5.3.3 Stainless ferritic-austenitic duplex steels 302
5.4 Steels for solution nitriding 307
5.4.1 Martensitic case 308
5.4.2 Austenitic case 313
5.4.3 Application of solution nitriding 316
6 From structure to development 323
6.1 Structure 323
6.2 Properties 326
6.3 Technical relevance 330
References 335
Index 373
END
