ISBN: 3540410465
TITLE: Les Houches
AUTHOR: P. Binétruy, R. Schaeffer, J. Silk, F. David
TOC:

Lecturers xi
Participants xiii
Préface xvii
Preface xxi
Contents xxv
Course 1. The Universe at High Redshift
by S. Lilly 1
1 Introduction 5
1.1 The formation of structure in the Universe 5
1.2 Methodologies, opportunities and limitations 6
1.3 Outline of the lectures 7
2 The present-day Universe
2.1 Galaxies 8
2.1.1 Normal galaxies 8
2.1.2 Galaxy scaling relations 10
2.1.3 Low surface brightness galaxies 11

2.1.4 Dwarf galaxies 12
2.1.5 Active galactic nuclei 13
2.1.6 Ultra-luminous galaxies 13
2.2 The luminosity function and the luminosity density and extragalactic background light 13
2.3 The baryon budget 15
3 The theoretical framework. I: Cosmology 16
3.1 The Robertson-Walker metric and the appearance of distant objects 16
3.2 R(tau) and the solutions to the Friedmann equation 17
3.3 Cosmological parameters and uncertainties 19
3.4 The development of density fluctuations 19
3.4.1 Linear growth 19
3.4.2 Fluctuations in baryonic matter and radiation 20
3.4.3 Modification of the primordial spectrum 20
4 The theoretical framework. II: The non-linear regime 22
4.1 Non-linear collapse 22
4.2 Hierarchical clustering and dissipation models 22
4.3 The Press-Schechter formalism 25
4.4 Biassed galaxy formation 26
4.5 Origin of angular momentum 26
4.6 The structure of dark matter haloes 27
4.7 Feed-back processes 27
4.8 Chemical evolution 28
4.9 Galaxy spectral synthesis models 30
4.10 Semi-analytic models 31
5 The formation and evolution of galaxies: The local view 31
5.1 Star formation in disk galaxies and starbursts 31
5.2 Spheroids and the elliptical galaxies 32
5.3 Ultra-luminous galaxies 33
6 Evolution at cosmologically significant redshifts 34

6.1 Redshifts z > 1 34
6.1.1 Methodologies 34
6.1.2 The evolving population of galaxies 34
6.1.3 The early-type galaxy population 35
6.1.4 The importance or otherwise of mergers 37
6.1.5 The evolution of galaxies in rich clusters 37
6.1.6 Inside the galaxies 38
6 .2 Redshifts z > 3 38
6.2.1 Detection and identification 38
6.2.2 Luminosity function and properties 39
6.2.3 Clustering and biassing 41
6.2.4 The nature of the Lyman-break population 42
6.3 The observational "gap" at z = 2 42
7 The luminosity density as f(z) 43
8 The cosmic evolution of active galactic nuclei 45
9 Luminous objects at high redshifts: The hidden Universe 45
10 Neutral gas 47
10.1 Re-ionization of the IGM 47
10.2 High column density systems 48
10.3 The Lyman alpha forest systems 49
10.4 Global evolution of the neutral Hydrogen content 49
11 The first stars 49
12 Summary 52
Course 2. Cosmological Parameters and Galaxy Formation by J. Silk 61
1 Introduction 63
2 Temperature 65
3 Age 65
4 Hubble's constant 65
5 Baryon density parameter 66
6 Matter density parameter 67
7 Cosmological constant 68
8 Spatial curvature 69
9 Density fluctuations 70
10 Ab initio galaxy formation 74
11 Cold dark matter: Where we are today 75
12 Resolving the CDM conundrum 77
13 An empirical approach to disk star formation 78
14 Testing models of galaxy formation 81
15 Summary 83
Course 3. A Short Course on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
by K.A. Olive 87
1 Introduction 89
2 Theory 90
3 Data 90
4 Likelihood analyses 93
5 More data 95
6 More analysis 96
7 Chemical evolution 96
8 Constraints from BBN 97
Course 4. The Cosmic Microwave Background: From Detector Signals to Constraints on the Early Universe Physics
by F.R. Bouchet, J-L. Puget and J.M. Lamarre 103
1 Introduction 107
2 The cosmic background 108
2.1 Components of the cosmic background 108
2.2 Formation of the CMB, recombination 112
2.3 The CMB spectrum 112
3 CMB anisotropies 118
3.1 Primary anisotropies 118
3.1.1 Fundamental physics and CMB anisotropies 118
3.1.2 The components of the primary fluctuations 119
3.1.3 Power spectrum of the fluctuations in an inflationary model 119
3.2 The secondary CMB anisotropies 121
3.2.1 Gravitational effects 122
3.2.2 Effects of the reionisation 125
4 Astrophysical foregrounds 129
4.1 Physics of galactic foregrounds 129
4.1.1 Dust emission 129
4.1.2 Free-free emission 134
4.1.3 Synchrotron emission 136
4.2 Physics of the extragalactic sources foregrounds 138
4.2.1 Infrared galaxies and radio sources 138
4.2.2 Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect 146
4.3 Putting it all together 149
4.3.1 A simple sky model 149
4.3.2 Detector noise "backgrounds" 152
4.3.3 Comparing contributions 153

5 Observations of CMB anisotropies 154
5.1 From raw data to the physics of the early Universe 154
5.2 Observational requirements 156
5.3 Reaching the ultimate sensitivity 159
5.4 Present status of observations 162
5.5 Future satellite observations: MAP, Planck 163
5.6 Description of the Planck High-Frequency Instrument 165
5.6.1 Instrument concept 165
5.6.2 Sensitivity 167
5.6.3 Focal plane optics 169
5.6.4 Bolometric detectors 173
6 Extraction of systematic effects and map making 176
6.1 Maximum likelihood estimators 176
6.2 Using noise properties 178
6.2.1 Systematics 179
6.2.2 Priors 179
6.3 Map making10
6.3.1 "COBE" map making 181
6 Signal-to-noise (Wiener) filtering 181
6.4 Using redundancie 184
6.5 Low-frequency noise 186
6.5.1 Simplest destriping 187
6.6 Contributions from emission in the far side-lobes of the beam 187
7 Maps analysis methods 190
7.1 Methods of component separation 190
7.2 Final map accuracy achievable 192
7.3 Numerical simulations 196
7.3.1 Simulations of the observations 197
7.3.2 Analysing simulated observations 198
7.4 Joining ends 202
7.4.1 Power spectrum estimation 202
7.4.2 Constraints on models 204
8 Conclusions 207
Appendix 208
A Formulating the component separation problem 208
A.l Physical model 208
A.2 The separation problem 209
B Error forecasts assuming Wiener filtering 210
B.l Reconstruction errors of linear component separations 210
B.2 Specific case of Wiener filtering 212
Course 5. Introduction to Supersymmetry: Astrophysical and Phenomenological Constraints
by K.A. Olive 221
1 Introduction 223
1.1 Some preliminaries 223
1.2 The hierarchy problem 226
1.3 Supersymmetric operators and transformations 227
2 The simplest models 232
2.1 The massless non-interacting Wess-Zumino model 232
2.2 Interactions for chiral multiplets 234
2.3 Gauge multiplets 236
2.4 Interactions 238
2.5 Supersymmetry breaking 242
3 The minimal supersymmetric standard model 244
3.1 The Higgs sector 246
3.2 The sfermions 248
3.3 Neutralinos 250
3.4 Charginos 251
3.5 More supersymmetry breaking 251
3.5.1 D-Breaking 252
3.5.2 F-Breaking 252
3.6 R-parity 253
4 The constrained MSSM and supergravity 255
4.1 RG evolution 256
4.2 The constrained MSSM 259
4.3 Supergravity 261
5 Cosmology 264
5.1 The Polonyi problem 265
5.2 The gravitino problem 267
5.3 Inflation 268
5.4 Baryogenesis 270
5.4.1 The Affleck-Dine mechanism 271
6 Dark matter and accelerator constraints 276
Course 6. Dark Matter: Direct Detection
by B. Chardin 295
1 Motivations for non-baryonic Dark Matter 297
2 Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) 301
2.1 Phenomenology 301
2.2 Experimental signatures 303
2.3 WIMP direct detection experiments without discrimination 304
2.3.1 Germanium detectors 305
2.3.2 Scintillator detectors 307
2.3.3 Cryogenic experiments 307
2.3.4 The purest of all materials 308
2.4 WIMP direct detection experiments with discrimination 310
2.4.1 NaI experiments 310
2.4.2 Cryogenic detectors 312
2.4.3 A first WIMP candidate? 314
2.4.4 Critical discussion and annual modulation signature 315
2.5 Other discrimination techniques 319
2.5.1 Liquid xenon detectors 319
2.5.2 SIMPLE and PICASSO 319
2.6 Detecting the recoil direction 320
2.7 Low-energy WIMPs trapped in the Solar System 322
2.8 WIMPs with dominant axial interactions. Direct vs. indirect detection 323
2.9 Testing (a significant part of) the SUSY models 324
2.9.1 Neutron background 325
2.9.2 Surface events 328
2.9.3 Main detector strategies328
2.10 Conclusions 330
3 Axioms 330
4 Conclusions and perspectives 334
Course 7. Inflation and Creation of Matter in the Universe
by A. Linde 341
1 Introduction 343
2 Brief history of inflation 344
3 Quantum fluctuations in the inflationary Universe 349
4 Quantum fluctuations and density perturbations 352
5 Initial conditions for inflation 354
6 From the Big Bang theory to the theory of eternal inflation 359
7 Stochastic approach to inflation 361
8 (P)reheating after inflation 367
9 Phase transitions and inflation after preheating 378
10 Open inflation 383
11 Towards inflation in supergravity: Hybrid inflation 386
12 Pre-Big Bang 388
13 Brane world 389
14 Conclusions 392
Course 8. Cosmological Constant vs. Quintessence
by P. Binétruy
1 Cosmological constant 399
2 The role of supersymmetry 401
3 Observational results 402
4 Quintessence 404
4.1 Runaway quintessence 406
4.2 Pseudo-Goldstone boson 413
5 Quintessential problems 414
6 Extra spacetime dimensions 417
7 Conclusion 420
Course 9. Gravitino Production and Super-Higgs Effect in Cosmology
by R. Kallosh
423
1 Introduction
2 Super-Higgs effect in cosmology 427
3 Gravitino equations in one chiral multiplet case 429
4 Gravitino production 434
Course 10. Physics of the Early Universe: Baryogenesis; Defects; Initial Conditions
by N. Turok 439
1 Introduction 441
2 Electroweak baryogenesis 443
3 B Violation in the standard model447
4 The electroweak phase transition or crossover 453
5 Baryon production 454
6 Two-Higgs baryogenesis 454
7 Baryogenesis from transport 456
8 Classical force baryogenesis 457
9 Cosmic defects 463
10 Unification and symmetry breaking 463
11 Homotopy and topology 464
12 Existence of defects 465
13 Low-energy actions 467
14 Scaling 468
15 PI in the sky 469
16 Precision calculations 471
17 Refutation 473
18 Instantons and the beginning 477
19 Singular instantons 482
20 The four form and LAMDA 488
21 Conclusions 489
Course 11. M-Theory and Cosmology
by T. Banks 495
1 Introduction 497
2 M-theory, branes, moduli and all that 501
2.1 The story of M 501
3 Eleven-dimensional supergravity 510
4 Forms, branes and BPS states 513
4.1 Differential forms and topologically nontrivial cycles 513
4.2 SUSY algebras and BPS states 516
5 Branes and compactification 517
5.1 A tale of two tori 517
5.2 A heterotic interlude 524
5.3 Enhanced gauge symmetries 526
5.4 Conclusions 529
6 Quantum cosmology 530
6.1 Semiclassical cosmology and quantum gravity 530
6.2 Extreme moduli 537
6.3 The moduli space of M-Theory on rectangular tori 539
6.4 The 2/5 transformation 540
6.5 The boundaries of moduli space 542
6.6 Covering the moduli space 544
6.7 Moduli spaces with less SUSY 548
6.8 Chaotically avoiding SUSY 550
6.9 Against inflation 552
6.10 Conclusions 555
7 Moduli and inflation 556
7.1 Introduction 556
7.2 Moduli as inflatons? 556
7.3 Radius stabilization 564
7.4 SUSY breaking 567
7.5 The effects of a dynamical radius 572
7.6 Generalizing Horava-Witten 573
7.7 Conclusions 574
Course 12. String Cosmology: The Pre-Big Bang Scenario
by G. Veneziano 581
1 Introduction 583
2 Basic motivations and ideas 584
2.1 Why string cosmology? 584
2.2 Why/which inflation? 587
2.3 Superstring-inspired cosmology 588
2.4 Explicit solutions 591
2.5 Phase diagrams and Penrose-style overview 592
3 How could it have started? 596
3.1 Generic asymptotically trivial past 596
3.2 The asymptotic past's effective action and different (conformal) frames 597
3.3 Classical asymptotic symmetries: The importance of SUSY 598
3.4 Dilaton-driven inflation as gravitational collapse 598
3.5 Fine-tuning issues 601
3.6 The spherically symmetric case 603
4 Phenomenological consequences 605
4.1 Cosmological amplification of vacuum fluctuations: General properties 605
4.2 Tensor perturbations: An observable cosmic gravitational radiation
background (CGRB)? 609
4.3 Dilaton perturbations 611
4.4 Gauge-field perturbations: Seeds for B_gal ? 613
4.5 Axion perturbations: Seeds for CMBA and LSS? 613
4.6 Heating up the Universe 615
5 How could it have stopped? 616
5.1 No-go theorems 617
5.2 Exit via a non-local V 617
5.3 Exit via B_ij 617
5.4 Exit via quantum tunnelling 618
5.5 Higher-derivative corrections 618
5.6 Loop corrections and back reaction 619
5.7 Entropy considerations 620
6 Outlook 623
Seminars by participants 629
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