ISBN: 3-540-66719-9
TITLE: Vertebrate Eye Development
AUTHOR: Fini, M. Elizabeth (Ed.)
TOC:

Overview
Vertebrate Eye Development and Refractive Function: An Overview
Barbara Sivak and Jacob Sivak
1 Introduction and General Eye Development 1
1.1 Early Embryogenesis 1
1.2 Formation of the Optic Cup 2
1.3 Lens Development 4
1.4 Mesenchyme 5
1.5 Development of the Sclera, Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris 5
1.6 Retina 7
1.7 Corneal Development 8
2 Eye Development and Optical Function 8
2.1 Cornea 8
2.2 Lens 10
3 Visual Environment and Eye Development 11
References 13
Early Pattern Formation
Pax6 and the Genetic Control of Early Eye Development
Stefan Wawersik, Patricia Purcell, and Richard L. Mass
1 Introduction 15
2 Pax6 Plays a Critical Role in Vertebrate Ocular Development 16
3 Molecular Biology of the Pax6 Gene Product 18
4 Genomic Structure and Transcriptional Regulation of Pax6 21
5 Pax6 in Drosophila: Master Regulator or Network Manager? 23
6 From Fly to Mouse: Identifying Pax6 Target Genes 26
7 Conclusions 29
References 30
Early Retinal Development in Drosophila
Ulrike Heberlein and Jessica E. Treisman
1 Introduction 37
2 Specification of the Eye Primordium 37
3 Dorsal-Ventral Patterning and Growth of the Eye Disc 40
4 Initiation of Differentiation 41
5 How are Specification and Initiation Related? 43
6 Progression of Differentiation 44
References 47
Embryonic Induction
Induction of the Lens
Nicolas Hirsch and Robert M. Grainger
1 Introduction 51
2 A Historical Overview of the Study of Lens Induction 51
3 Competence 56
4 Bias 57
5 Inhibition 60
6 Specification 61
7 Differentiation 62
8 Conclusions 64
References 65
Retinal Differentiation
Molecular Control of Cell Diversification in the Vertebrate Retina
Sabine Fuhrmann, Lely Chow, and Thomas A. Reh
1 Introduction 69
2 Does a Code of Transcription Factors Define Retinal Cell Identities? 71
2.1 Homeodomain Transcription Factors 71
2.2 bHLH Transcription Factors 74
3 Do Extracellular Signals Define Retinal Identities? 76
3.1 Ganglion Cells 78
3.2 Horizontal Cells 79
3.3 Amacrine Cells 79
3.4 Photoreceptor Cells 80
3.5 Bipolar Cells 82
3.6 Mller Glia 82
4 Conclusion 83
References 84
Cell Fate Specification in the Drosophila Retina
Justin P. Kumar and Kevin Moses
1 Introduction 93
2 The R8 Photoreceptor Cell 97
3 The R7 Photoreceptor Cell 102
4 Concluding Remarks 106
References 107
Roles of the Extracellular Matrix in Retinal Development and Maintenance
Richard T. Libby, William J. Brunken, and Dale D. Hunter
1 Introduction 115
2 Multiple Extrinsic Cues are Involved in Retinal Development 116
3 Laminins 117
3.1 Photoreceptor Development 119
4 Laminins and Photoreceptor Development 121
4.1 Photoreceptor Fate Determination 121
4.2 Photoreceptor Morphogenesis: Inner and Outer Segment Development 124
4.3 Photoreceptor Synaptogenesis 125
5 Role of the Interphotoreceptor Matrix in Maintaining Photoreceptor Viability 128
5.1 Retinal Adhesion 129
5.2 Photoreceptor Survival 130
6 Conclusion 132
References 133
Adhesive Events in Retinal Development and Function: The Role of Integrin Receptors
Dennis O. Clegg, Linda H. Mullick, Kevin L. Wingerd, Hai Lin, Jason W. Atienza, Amy D. Bradshaw, Dennis B. Gervin, and Gordon M. Cann
1 Introduction 141
1.1 The Integrin Family of Receptors 142
2 Integrins in the Developing Retina 142
2.1 Which Integrins are Expressed? 142
2.2 When and Where are Integrins Expressed? 143
2.3 What Functions Do Integrins Fulfill? 148
3 Integrins in the Mature Retina 151
4 Future Directions 152
References 153
Formation of Neural Pathways for Vision Connecting the Eye with the Brain: The Formation of the Retinotectal Pathway
Karl G. Johnson and William A. Harris
1 Introduction 157
2 The Retinotectal Pathway 159
2.1 Navigation of the Optic Nerve Head 159
2.2 Exiting the Eye at the Optic Nerve Head 162
2.3 Fiber Organization in the Optic Nerve 163
2.4 Crossing at the Optic Chiasm 164
2.5 Climbing the Optic Tract Toward the Tectum 167
2.6 Target Recognition 169
2.7 Finding the Proper Tectal Target - Topographic Mapping 170
2.8 Preventing Retinal Axon Escape 172
3 Conclusion 172
References 173
Regeneration
Regeneration of the Lens in Amphibians
Panagiotis A. Tsonis
1 Phylogeny 179
2 Histological and Cellular Events 179
3 Molecular Biology and Gene Regulation 183
3.1 Expression and Role of FGFs and FGFRs in Lens Regeneration 183
3.2 Regulatory Factors 186
3.2.1 Expression of Pax and Hox Genes 187
4 In Vitro Systems for Lens Regeneration 189
5 Clinical Applications 193
References 194
How the Neural Retina Regenerates
Pamela A. Raymond and Peter F. Hitchcock
1 Neurogenesis and Neuronal Stem Cells 197
2 Regeneration of the Neural Retina in Adult Urodele Amphibians 198
2.1 The Classical Model of Retinal Regeneration 198
2.2 Molecular Mechanisms of RPE Transdifferentiation 199
3 Regeneration of the Neural Retina in Adult Teleost Fish 203
3.1 Source of the Regenerated Neurons - Stem Cells 203
3.2 Injury-Induced Gene Expression 206
3.3 Cellular and Synaptic Anatomy is Restored 208
3.4 Vision is Restored 210
4 A Model of Retinal Injury in Fish, Amphibians and Mammals 210
References 212
Genetic Models
Mouse Mutants for Eye Development
Jochen Graw
1. Introduction 219
2. Mutations Affecting Early Eye Development 221
2.1 Mutations Affecting the Formation of the Lens Placode 221
2.2 Mutations Affecting the Optic Cup as the Prospective Retina 223
2.3 Mutations Affecting the Optic Stalk as the Prospective Optic Nerve 224
2.4 Mutations Affecting the Lens Vesicle 225
2.5 Further Genes Important for Early Eye Development 227
3. Maturation of the Eye (1): Lens Development 227
3.1 Cataracts: Inherited Anomalies of the Lens 227
3.2 Differentiation Process in the Developing Lens- the Crystallin Connection 230
3.3 Senile Cataracts at the End of Development 234
3.4 Transgenic Mice to Study Cataract Formation 235
4 Maturation of the Eye (2): Cornea, Iris, and Ciliary Body 237
4.1 Mouse Mutants with Lens-Corneal Adhesion 237
4.2 Mutations Affecting the Anterior Eye Development 238
5 Maturation of the Eye (3): The Retina 239
5.1 Mutations Affecting the Formation of the Retina 239
5.2 Mutations Leading to the Retinal Degeneration 241
5.3 Mutations Affecting the Optic Nerve 243
6 Conclusions 245
References 245
Genetic Analysis of Eye Development in Zebrafish
Jarema Malicki
1 Introduction 257
2 Genetic Screens in Zebrafish 260
3 Currently Available Eye Mutants 264
3.1 Specification of Eye Field and Optic Cup Morphogenesis 264
3.2 Growth of the Eye 267
3.3 Specification and Differentiation of Distinct Cell Populations 268
3.4 Patterning of Cell Populations 270
3.5 Cellular Survival 272
3.6 Targeting of Retinotectal Projections 273
3.7 Other Mutants 274
4 Future Prospects of Zebrafish Genetics 275
References 277
Subject Index 283
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