ISBN: 3-540-66268-5
TITLE: Magnetic Dichroism in Core-Level Photoemission
AUTHOR: Starke, Kai
TOC:

1. Introduction 1
2. Theoretical Considerations 3
2.1 Atomic Multiplet Theory 4
2.1.1 Selection Rules and Total Final States 4
2.1.2 Photoemission Final States and Line Strength 8
2.2 Simple Cases 10
2.2.1 Gd 4f Photoemission: The Role of Final-State SpinOrbit Interaction 10
2.2.2 Tb 4f Photoemission: The 8^S_7/2 Component 13
2.3 Geometries for Magnetic Dichroism 14
2.3.1 Circularly Polarized Light 16
2.3.2 Linearly Polarized Light 18
2.4 Binding Energy and Chemical Shift 19
2.4.1 Core-Level Binding Energy in Rare-Earth Metals 20
2.4.2 4f Photoemission and Surface Core-Level Shift 25
3. Experimental Techniques 29
3.1 Sample Preparation 29
3.1.1 Rare-Earth-Metal Evaporators 30
3.1.2 Wide-Temperature-Range Tungsten-Crystal Holder 31
3.1.3 Structural and Magnetic Characterization of Rare-Earth-Metal Films 33
3.2 X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism as a Complementary Method 37
3.3 Beamlines for Circularly Polarized Soft X-Rays 39
4. Closed Shells 43
4.1 Analytical Single-Particle Model 44
4.2 Transition Metals: Fe 2p and Fe 3p 45
4.3 Rare-Earth Metals: Gd 4d 50
5. Rare-Earth 4f Shells 55
5.1 Gd Metal 55
5.2 Heavier Rare-Earth Metals: Tb and Dy 57
5.3 Intermetallic Compounds: TbFe_x 59
6. Magnetic Circular Dichroism in Resonant Photoemission 65
6.1 A Primer on Fano's Theory 66
6.2 Gd 4d4f Giant Resonance 69
6.2.1 Identification of X-Ray Absorption Lines 71
6.2.2 Magnetic Cicular Dichroism in Resonant 4d4f Photoemission 73
6.3 Gd 3d4f Resonance 76
6.3.1 High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Magnetic Circular Dichroism 77
6.3.2 Spin Flip in Resonant Photoemission 79 
7. Magnetic Dichroism in Photoemission as a Near-Surface Magnetic Probe 85
7.1 Magnetic Surface Reconstruction 86
7.1.1 Tb(0001) 89
7.1.2 Gd(0001) 91
7.2 Atomic-Layer Resolution at Heteromagnetic Interfaces: Eu/Gd(0001) 96
7.2.1 An Atomically Sharp Rare-Earth Interface 96
7.2.2 Layer-Dependent Magnetic Coupling of Ordered Eu Layers 100
7.2.3 Thicker Eu Films on Gd(0001) 107
8. Conclusions and Future Directions 111
A. Angle-Resolved Photoemission from f Shells: Gd 115
References 121
Glossary of Acronyms 131
Index 133
END
