ISBN: 3-540-65625-1
TITLE: MAP Kinases in Plant Signal Transduction
AUTHOR: Hirt, Heribert (Ed.)
TOC:

MAP Kinases in Plant Signal Transduction
Heribert Hirt
1 MAPK Modules Form Basic Units of Eukaryotic Signal Transduction 1
2 Different MAPK Pathways Exist for Different Signals 2
3 What Are So Many Plant MAPK Genes For? 3
4 Arabidopsis: Emerging MAPK Modules 4
5 MAPKs and Stress Signaling 4
5.1 Mechanical Stress 4
5.2 Osmotic Stress 5
5.3 Wounding 5
5.4 Plant-Pathogen Interaction 6
6 Cell Cycle 7
7 Auxin 8
8 Abscisic Acid and Giberellins 8
9 Ethylene 8
10 Concluding Remarks 9
MAP Kinases in Plant Signal Transduction: How Many, and What For?
Wilco Ligterink
1 Introduction 11
2 The Structure of MAPKs 12
3 MAPKs in Yeast and Animals 14
4 Plant MAPKs 14
5 Plant MAPKs Can Be Classified into Five Groups 18
6 PERK Groups: Towards a Functional Classification System of Plant MAPKs 19
7 How Many Are Out There? Plant ESTs with Similarities to MAPKs 20
References 25
MAP Kinase Cascades in Arabidopsis: Their Roles in Stress and Hormone Responses
Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi, Kazuya Ichimura, Riichiro Yoshida, and Kazuo Shinozaki
1 Introduction 29
2 MAPK Cascades Involved in Stress Responses in Animals and Budding Yeast 30
3 Arabidopsis Homologs of Protein Kinases in MAPK Cascades 31
4 Transcriptional Control of the Putative Components of Arabidopsis MAPK Cascades in Response to Environmental Stresses 32
5 Activation of MAPK-Like Activity by Environmental Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana 33
6 Analysis of Functional Interactions of the Components of MAPK Cascades in Arabidopsis Using the Yeast System 34
7 Putative Upstream Factors of MAPK Cascades in Arabidopsis 35
References 36
MAP Kinases in Pollen
Cathal Wilson and Erwin Heberle-Bors
1 Pollen Development and Germination 39
2 Signal Transduction in Pollen 40
3 Changes in Pollen Grains After Hydration 42
4 MAP Kinases in Pollen 43
5 The Response of MAP Kinase Signaling Pathways to Osmotic Stress 44
6 Specificity of the MAP Kinase Response 46
References 48
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Wound Stress
Shigemi Seo and Yuko Ohashi
1 Introduction 53
2 Evidence for Activation of MAPK-Like Protein Kinases by Wounding 54
3 Evidence for Activation of MAPKs by Wounding 55
4 Transcriptional Activation of MAPKs by Wounding 56
5 Systemic Activation of MAPKs by Wounding 57
6 What Is the Initial Wound Signal for Activation of MAPKs? 58
7 Studies of Function of MAPKs Using Transgenic Plants 58
8 Concluding Remarks 60
References 60
Pathogen-Induced MAP Kinases in Tobacco
Shuqun Zhang and Daniel F. Klessig
1 Introduction 66
2 Salicylic Acid-Induced Protein Kinase (SIPK) 68
3 MAP Kinases Activated by a Cell Wall-Derived Carbohydrate Elicitor and Purified Proteinaceous Elicitins from Phytophthora spp. 69
3.1 SIPK 69
3.2 Wounding-Induced Protein Kinase (WIPK) 70
4 Activation of SIPK by Bacterial Harpin 72
5 Activation of SIPK and WIPK by TMV 72
6 Activation of SIPK and WIPK by Avr9 from Cladosporium fulvum 74
7 Wounding and MAP Kinase Activation 76
8 General Discussion 78
References 81
Receptor-Mediated MAP Kinase Activation in Plant Defense
Heribert Hirt and Dierk Scheel
1 Introduction 85
2 Phytophthora sojae Elicitor-Induced Responses of Parsley Cells: A Model System for Plant-Pathogen Interaction 86
3 Pep-13 Elicitor Binds to a 100 kDa Plasma Membrane Receptor 87
4 Signal Transduction Events of Pep-13 Elicitor-Induced Defense Responses 87
5 Pep-13 Elicitor Induces Activation of a MAP Kinase 88
6 MAP Kinase Activation Occurs Through the Pep-13 Receptor 89
7 MAP Kinase Activation Is Dependent on Ion Fluxes 89
8 MAP Kinase Activation Is Independent of Oxidative Burst 91
9 Activation of MAP Kinase Is Correlated with Its Nuclear Translocation 91
References 92
Regulation of Cell Division and the Cytoskeleton by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Higher Plants
Lszl Bgre, Ornella Calderini, Irute Merskiene, and Pavla Binarova
1 Regulation of the G_1/S Transition: The Animal Paradigm 95
2 The Plant Players of G1 Control 97
3 Regulation of G_2/M Transition: The Animal Paradigm 100
4 Plant Mitosis; Mechanically Different but the Regulation Might be the Same 102
5 Spatial Regulation of Cell Division and Growth are Dictated by Plant Specific Cytoskeletal Structures 105
5.1 The Cortical Microtubules 106
5.2 The Preprophase Band 107
5.3 The Mitotic Spindle 108
5.4 The Phragmoplast 110
References 111
The MAP Kinase Cascade That Includes MAPKKK-Related Protein Kinase NPK1 Controls a Mitotic Process in Plant Cells
Ryuichi Nishihama and Yasunori Machida
1 Isolation of the NPK1 cDNA 119
2 Identification of NPK1 as a MAPKKK 120
3 Structural Features of NPK1 and Its Arabidopsis Homologs, ANP1/2/3 121
4 Activity of ANP1 May be Regulated by Differential Splicing 124
5 Expression Pattern of the NPK1 Gene 124
6 Upstream and Downstream Factors of NPK1 126
7 Possible Function of NPK1 128
References 128
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction
Sjoukje Heimovaara-Dijkstra, Christa Testerink, and Mei Wang
1 Introduction: Facts and Speculation 131
2 Physiology of ABA 132
2.1 Physiological Function of ABA 132
2.2 Analogies Between ABA Function and MAP Kinase Action in Plant, Yeast and Vertebrate Physiology 133
3 Signal Transduction Cascades of ABA 133
3.1 Tissue Specificity of ABA Action 133
3.2 Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation Events 135
4 MAP Kinase Activation by ABA 135
5 The Importance of Protein Phosphatases for ABA Signalling 138
5.1 Disruption of PP2C Genes Leads to ABA Insensitivity 138
5.2 Abi1 and Abi2 Phosphatases are Homologous to a Regulator of MAP Kinase Pathways in Yeast and Alfalfa 139
5.3 Where Do the Type 2C Phopshatases Fit In? 139
6 Conclusions 140
References 141
Signal Transduction of Ethylene Perception
Sigal Savaldi-Goldstein and Robert Fluhr
1 Introduction 145
2 Detection of Phosphorylation Events in Ethylene Signal Transduction 146
3 A Survey of Putative Genetic and Molecular Components of the Ethylene Signal Pathway 147
3.1 Mutants of Ethylene Response 147
3.2 The ETR1 Protein and Related Homologues 148
3.3 Functional Aspects of ETR1 Related Proteins 149
3.4 Response Regulator Homologues in Arabidopsis (ARRs) 151
3.5 CTR1: A Raf-Like Protein Kinase and Candidate Entry to MAP Kinases 151
3.6 EIN3: A Nuclear-Localized Component of Ethylene Signaling 152
3.7 PK12: A Kinase Exhibiting Ethylene-Dependent Activity 153
3.8 EREBPs: Transcription Factors That Bind cis-Regulatory Sequences 154
4 Dynamics of Ethylene Perception and Signal Transduction 154
4.1 Perception of Ethylene and Phospho-Transfer 154
4.2 Linking Phospho-Relay and Kinase Cascades 155
4.3 Redundancy of Components and Harmonizing the Ethylene Response 156
References 158
Subject Index 163
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