ISBN: 3-540-65029-6
TITLE: Nonlinear Optical Effects and Materials
AUTHOR: Gnter, Peter (Ed.)
TOC:

1 Introduction 1 
P. Gnter 
References 5 
2 Third-Order Nonlinear Optics in Polar Materials 7 
Ch. Bosshard 
2.1 Introduction 7 
2.1.1 Motivation 7 
2.1.2 Basic Concept of Cascading 9 
2.1.3 Definition of Nonlinear Optical Coefficients 10 
2.1.4 Materials Requirements for All-Optical Signal Processing 17 
2.2 Optical Nonlinearities 18 
2.2.1 Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials 18 
2.2.2 Macroscopic Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Effects 29 
2.2.3 Macroscopic Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Effects 41 
2.3 Cascaded Second-Order Nonlinearities chi^(2): chi^(2) 44 
2.3.1 Second-Harmonic Generation 
and Sum-Frequency Generation 44 
2.3.2 Cascading Through the Reaction Field 
in Centrosymmetric Media 45 
2.3.3 Cascading Through the Local Field 47 
2.3.4 Second-Harmonic Generation 
and Difference Frequency Mixing 48 
2.3.5 Optical Rectification and Linear Electro-Optic Effect 51 
2.3.6 Limits of the Cascaded Response in Molecular Crystals 54 
2.4 Nonlinear Optical Molecules 56 
2.4.1 Third-Harmonic Generation 56 
2.4.2 Electric Field-Induced Second-Harmonic Generation 77 
2.5 Nonlinear Optical Single Crystals 93 
2.5.1 Third-Harmonic Generation 93 
2.5.2 z-Scan Technique 106 
2.6 Discussion and Conclusion 114 
2.6.1 Second- and Third-Harmonic Generation 114 
2.6.2 Cascaded chi^(2): chi^(2) for the Optical Kerr Effect 119 
2.6.3 Final Remarks and Outlook 136 
Appendix 137 
A.1 Definition of Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities 137 
A.2 Conversion Between SI, cgs and Atomic Units 139 
A.3 Theoretical Description of Third-Harmonic Generation 142 
A.4 Theoretical Description 
of Electric Field-Induced Second-Harmonic Generation 148 
A.5 Theoretical Description of the z-Scan Technique 149 
A.6 List of Symbols and Abbreviations 151 
References 153 
3 Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Organic Materials: 
Recent Developments 163 
Ch. Bosshard, M. Bsch, I. Liakatas, M. Jger, and P. Gnter 
3.1 Nonlinear Optical and Electro-Optic Effects 163 
3.1.1 Sum Frequency Generation and Optical Frequency Doubling 164 
3.1.2 Difference Frequency Generation 
and Optic Parametric Oscillation/Generation 165 
3.1.3 Conservation of Energy and Momentum 165 
3.1.4 Linear Electro-Optic Effect 166 
3.2 Material Considerations 167 
3.2.1 Dispersion of the Nonlinear and Electro-Optic Coefficients 168 
3.2.2 Symmetry Considerations 
for Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials 168 
3.3 Organic Nonlinear Optical Molecules 169 
3.3.1 Measurement Techniques 171 
3.3.2 Discussion of Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Molecules 180 
3.4 Nonlinear and Electro-Optic Single Crystals and Polymers 195 
3.4.1 Measurement Techniques 195 
3.4.2 Single Crystals 198 
3.4.3 Poled Polymers 231 
3.4.4 Inorganic Dielectrics and Semiconductors 248 
3.5 Applications 252 
3.5.1 Optical Frequency Conversion 252 
3.5.2 Short-Pulse Laser Applications 255 
3.5.3 Polymer-Based Electro-Optic Modulators 258 
3.5.4 Electro-Optic Sampling 274 
3.5.5 THz Generation 276 
3.5.6 Thermo-Optic Switches 277 
3.6 Stability of Nonlinear and Electro-Optic Materials 
and Their Properties 280 
3.6.1 Optical Damage Threshold 280 
3.6.2 Orientational Relaxation of Poled Polymers 282 
3.7 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 285 
References 286 
4 The Photorefractive Effect in Inorganic 
and Organic Materials 301 
G. Montemezzani, C. Medrano, M. Zgonik, and P. Gnter 
4.1 Photoinduced Changes of Optical Properties 
and Photorefractive Effect 301 
4.2 Charge Transport in Inorganic and Organic Materials 304 
4.2.1 Band Transport 304 
4.2.2 Hopping Transport 306 
4.2.3 Geminate Recombination 308 
4.3 Model Descriptions of the Photorefractive Effect 
and Photoassisted Orientational Gratings 309 
4.3.1 Band Model of the Photorefractive Effect 310 
4.3.2 Model for the Space Charge Fields in Polymers 320 
4.4 Electro-Optic Response 326 
4.4.1 Pockels Effect 326 
4.4.2 Lattice Distortions and Electro-Optics 327 
4.4.3 Molecular Reorientation 332 
4.5 Measurement Techniques 336 
4.5.1 Two-Wave Mixing 337 
4.5.2 Bragg Diffraction 339 
4.6 Applications 342 
4.6.1 Thick Volume Gratings 342 
4.6.2 Thin Gratings 346 
4.6.3 Materials Requirements and Figures of Merit 347 
4.7 Materials 349 
4.7.1 Photorefractive Materials 349 
4.7.2 Polymers and Liquid Crystals Showing Photorefractive 
and Photoassisted Orientational Gratings 355 
4.7.3 Wavelength Sensitivity 361 
4.7.4 Comparison of Materials Properties 362 
4.8 Conclusions 365 
References 367 
5 Photorefractive Memories for Optical Processing 375 
M. Duelli, G. Montemezzani, M. Zgonik, and P. Gnter 
5.1 Volumetric Optical Data Storage 377 
5.1.1 Light Diffraction Volume Gratings 377 
5.1.2 Hologram Multiplexing Methods 381 
5.1.3 System Architecture 385 
5.1.4 Storage Capacity of Volume Media 386 
5.2 Optical Pattern Recognition 393 
5.2.1 Optical Correlators 393 
5.2.2 Optical Pattern Recognition Using Volume Holograms 397 
5.3 Holographic Associative Memories 404 
5.3.1 Linear Holographic Associative Memories 404 
5.3.2 Nonlinear Holographic Associative Memories 405 
5.3.3 Ring Resonator Associative Memories 408 
5.4 Photorefractive Materials as Volume Storage Media 409 
5.4.1 Recording Schemes 410 
5.4.2 Storage Capacity of Photorefractive Holographic Media 414 
5.4.3 Hologram Fixing and Nondestructive Readout 418 
5.4.4 Coherent Erasure and Updating of Holograms 420 
5.5 Optical Correlators Using Photorefractive Crystals 421 
5.6 All-optical Nonlinear Associative Memories 423 
5.6.1 Thin Storage Media Implementations 423 
5.6.2 Volume Storage in Associative Memories 424 
5.7 Summary 430 
References 431 
6 Second-Harmonic Generation in Ferroelectric Waveguides 437 
T. Pliska, D. Fluck, and P. Gnter 
6.1 Second-Harmonic Generation in Waveguides: Basic Concepts 437 
6.1.1 Planar and Channel Waveguides 438 
6.1.2 Figures of Merit for Second-Harmonic Generation 
in Waveguides 440 
6.1.3 Phase Matching Schemes for Second-Harmonic Generation 
in Waveguides 447 
6.2 Ferroelectric Waveguides: Overview 456 
6.3 Lithium Niobate Waveguides 458 
6.3.1 Titanium-Indiffused Lithium Niobate Waveguides 459 
6.3.2 Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguides 460 
6.3.3 Domain Inversion and Quasi-Phase-Matching 
in Lithium Niobate 467 
6.3.4 Optical Damage in Lithium Niobate Waveguides 471 
6.3.5 Second-Harmonic Generation in Lithium Niobate Waveguides 473 
6.4 Lithium Tantalate Waveguides 479 
6.4.1 Fabrication and Properties 
of Proton-Exchanged Lithium Tantalate Waveguides 479 
6.4.2 Domain Inversion and Quasi-Phase-Matching 
in Lithium Tantalate 480 
6.4.3 Second-Harmonic Generation 
in Lithium Tantalate Waveguides 482 
6.5 Potassium Titanyl Phosphate Waveguides 482 
6.5.1 Fabrication and Properties of Rubidium-Exchanged Potassium 
Titanyl Phosphate Waveguides 485 
6.5.2 Second-Harmonic Generation 
in Potassium Titanyl Phosphate Waveguides 486 
6.6 Potassium Niobate Waveguides 488 
6.6.1 Fabrication of Ion-Implanted Waveguides 
in Potassium Niobate 492 
6.6.2 Linear Properties of Potassium Niobate Waveguides 503 
6.6.3 Power-Handling Capabilities 
of Potassium Niobate Waveguides 506 
6.6.4 Second-Harmonic Generation 
in Potassium Niobate Waveguides 508 
6.7 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 515 
References 516 
Subject Index 527 
END
