ISBN: 3-540-67239-7
TITLE: Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems
AUTHOR: Schulze, Ernst-Detlef (Ed.)
TOC:

Part A Introduction to the European Transect
1 The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle of Forest Ecosystems
E.-D. Schulze 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles 3
1.3 The NIPHYS/CANIF Project 8
1.4 Experimental Design 10
1.5 Conclusions 11
References 11
2 Experimental Sites in the NIPHYS/CANIF Project
T. Persson, H. van Oene, A.F. Harrison, P.S. Karlsson, G.A. Bauer, J. Cerny, M.-M. Coteaux, E. Dambrine, P. Hgberg, A. Kjller, G. Matteucci, A. Rudebeck, E.-D. Schulze, and T. Paces 14
2.1 Site Description. The NIPHYS/CANIF Transect 14
2.2 Soil Characteristics 26
2.3 Ecosystem C and N Pools 36
2.4 Database 39
2.5 Conclusions 42
References 46
Part B Plant-Related Processes
3 Tree Biomass, Growth and Nutrient Pools
G. Scarascia-Mugnozza, G.A. Bauer, H. Persson, G. Matteucci, and A. Masci 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Experimental Background 50
3.3 Biomass 52
3.4 Forest Productivity 54
3.5 Carbon and Nutrient Pools 56
3.6 Allometric and Functional Relations 58
3.7 Conclusions 60
References 62
4 Linking Plant Nutrition and Ecosystem Processes
G.A. Bauer, H. Persson, T. Persson, M. Mund, M. Hein, E. Kummetz, G. Matteucci, H. van Oene, G. Scarascia-Mugnozza, and E.-D. Schulze 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Experimental Approach 64
4.3 Nutrient Concentrations 65
4.4 Nutrient Contents 73
4.5 Nitrogen Partitioning in Different Tree Compartments 82
4.6 Ecosystem C and N Pools 88
4.7 Conclusions 95
References 95
5 Root Growth and Response to Nitrogen
C. Stober, E. George, and H. Persson 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Approaches to the Study of Root Growth 100
5.3 Root Growth Measurements Obtained by Soil Coring 105
5.4 Root Growth Measurements Obtained by Root Windows 107
5.5 Root Growth Measurements Obtained by In-Growth Cores 113
5.6 Root Growth at Different European Forest Sites 116
5.7 Conclusions 118
References 119
6 Nitrogen Uptake Processes in Roots and Mycorrhizas
T. Wallenda, C. Stober, L. Hgbom, H. Schinkel, E. George, P. Hgberg, and D.J. Read 122
6.1 Introduction 122
6.2 Approaches to Study Different Aspects of the N Uptake Process 123
6.3 Studies with Excised Roots and Mycorrhizas 125
6.4 Field-Based Experiments 135
6.5 Conclusions 139
References 141
7 The Fate of ^15N-Labelled Nitrogen Inputs to Coniferous and Broadleaf Forests
G. Gebauer, B. Zeller, G. Schmidt, C. May, N. Buchmann, M. Colin-Belgrand, E. Dambrine, F. Martin, E.-D. Schulze, and P. Bottner 144
7.1 Introduction 144
7.2 Sites of Investigation 145
7.3 Approaches to Study the Fate of ^15N-Labelled Nitrogen Inputs 147
7.4 N Release and Tree Uptake from ^15N-Labelled Decomposing Litter in a Beech Forest in Aubure 150
7.5 Ecosystem Partitioning of ^15N-Labelled Ammonium and Nitrate on the Sites in the Fichtelgebirge and Steigerwald 157
7.6 Conclusions 166
References 168
8 Canopy Uptake and Utilization of Atmospheric Pollutant Nitrogen
A.F. Harrison, E.-D. Schulze, G. Gebauer, and G. Bruckner 171
8.1 Introduction 171
8.2 Atmospheric Nitrogen Pollutants 172
8.3 Pathways for Canopy Uptake of Nitrogen 174
8.4 Approaches to the Determination of Canopy Uptake of Nitrogen 175
8.5 Review of Research 177
8.6 Role in the Critical Load 182
8.7 Ecophysiological Consequences of Canopy N Uptake 182
8.8 Conclusions 183
8.9 Way Forward 183
8.10 Policy Implications 184
References 184
9 Biotic and Abiotic Controls Over Ecosystem Cycling of Stable Natural Nitrogen, Carbon and Sulphur Isotopes
G.A. Bauer, G. Gebauer, A.F. Harrison, P. Hgberg, L. Hgbom, H. Schinkel, A.F.S. Taylor, M. Novak, F. Buzek, D. Harkness, T. Persson, and E.-D. Schulze 189
9.1 Introduction 189
9.2 Approaches to the Study of Stable Isotopes in the Field 189
9.3 delta^15N of Ammonium and Nitrate in Wet Deposition 191
9.4 Stable Isotope Signatures in Different Ecosystem Compartments 197
9.5 delta^15N Signatures as Indicators of N Saturation in Forest Ecosystems 207
9.6 Conclusions 211
References 213
Part C Heterotrophic Processes
10 Soil Respiration in Beech and Spruce Forests in Europe: Trends, Controlling Factors, Annual Budgets and Implications for the Ecosystem Carbon Balance
G. Matteucci, S. Dore, S. Stivanello, C. Rebmann, and N. Buchmann 217
10.1 Introduction 217
10.2 Approaches to Measuring Soil Respiration 218
10.3 Daily and Seasonal Trends in Soil Respiration and Climatic Variables 221
10.4 Factors Controlling Soil Respiration 226
10.5 Comparison of Chamber Measurements with the Eddy Covariance Measurements Below the Canopy 230
10.6 Annual Budgets of Soil Respiration 231
10.7 Conclusions 233
References 234
11 Annual Carbon and Nitrogen Fluxes in Soils Along the European Forest Transect, Determined Using the ^14C-Bomb
A.F. Harrison, D.D. Harkness, A.P. Rowland, J.S. Garnett, and P.J. Bacon 237
11.1 Introduction 237
11.2 Forests, Sampling Procedure and Analysis 239
11.3 Model Description 241
11.4 Estimations of C and N Pools and Fluxes 242
11.5 Pools and Distribution of Carbon and Nitrogen in Soil Profiles 243
11.6 Variations in the Carbon Age and Mean Residence Times (MRTs) 246
11.7 Annual Carbon and Nitrogen Fluxes 248
11.8 General Discussion 252
11.9 Conclusions 253
References 255
12 Carbon Mineralisation in European Forest Soils
T. Persson, P.S. Karlsson, U. Seyferth, R.M. Sjberg, and A. Rudebeck 257
12.1 Introduction 257
12.2 Experimental Background 257
12.3 C Mineralisation in the North-South Transect 260
12.4 Long-Term Fertilisation Experiments 269
12.5 Mean Residence Time 271
12.6 Comparison of Intact and Sieved Soil Cores 271
12.7 Conclusions 274
References 275
13 Litter Decomposition
M.F. Cotrufo, M. Miller, and B. Zeller 276
13.1 Introduction 276
13.2 Factors Affecting the Decomposition Process 276
13.3 Enzymatic Activity 278
13.4 Nitrogen Dynamics in Decomposing Litter 279
13.5 Decomposition Studies in Europe: from DECO, VAMOS, MICS to CANIF 280
13.6 Decomposition Studies Within a Latitudinal Transect of European Beech Forests 281
13.7 Conclusions 292
References 293
14 Soil Nitrogen Turnover  Mineralisation, Nitrification and Denitrification in European Forest Soils
T. Persson, A. Rudebeck, J.H. Jussy, M. Colin-Belgrand, A. Priem, E. Dambrine, P.S. Karlsson, and R.M. Sjberg 297
14.1 Background and Aim of the Study 297
14.2 Methods Used to Study N Turnover 299
14.3 Net N Mineralisation Based on Laboratory Studies 304
14.4 Net Nitrification Based on Laboratory Studies 307
14.5 Manipulation of pH, N Availability and Nitrifier Density in the Laboratory 312
14.6 Autotrophic Versus Heterotrophic Nitrification 314
14.7 Net N Mineralisation and Nitrification in N-Fertilisation Experiments 316
14.8 Comparison of N Turnover in Similar Soils at Different Climate 318
14.9 Comparison of N Turnover in Sieved and Intact Soil Cores 319
14.10 In Situ Mineralisation Studies at Aubure 321
14.11 Comparison of in Situ and Laboratory-Based Mineralisation Studies 323
14.12 Denitrification 324
14.13 Final Discussion 326
14.14 Conclusions 328
References 329
15 Nitrogen and Carbon Interactions of Forest Soil Water
B.R. Andersen and P. Gundersen 332
15.1 Introduction 332
15.2 Approaches to Studying the Forest Soil Waters 333
15.3 Soil Water Concentrations of Nitrogen and Carbon 334
15.4 Correlation Between Dissolved Organic Nitrogen and Carbon 337
15.5 Conclusions 340
References 340
Part D Diversity-Related Processes
16 Fungal Diversity in Ectomyccorhizal Communities
of Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Beech
(Fagus sylvatica L.) Along North-South Transects in Europe
A.F.S. Taylor, F. Martin, and D.J. Read 343
16.1 Introduction 343
16.2 Analysis of Ectomycorrhizal Community Structure and Diversity 344
16.3 ECM Communities of Spruce Forests 347
16.4 ECM Communities of Beech Forests 353
16.5 Genetic Diversity Within a Population of Laccarina amethystina 353
16.6 Isolation and Growth of ECM Fungal Isolates on an Organic N Source 357
16.7 Comparative Evaluation of Ectomycorrhizal Diversity 358
16.8 Conclusions 362
References 363
17 Diversity and Role of the Decomposer Food Web
V. Wolters, A. Pflug, A.R. Taylor, and D. Schroeter 366
17.1 Introduction 366
17.2 Approaches to Investigating Decomposer Communities 368
17.3 The Microflora 369
17.4 The Soil Fauna 372
17.5 Contribution of the Decomposer Food Web to C and N Flows 376
17.6 Conclusions 378
References 379
18 Diversity and Role of Microorganisms
A. Kjller, M. Miller, S. Struwe, V. Wolters, and A. Pflug 382
18.1 Introduction and Background 382
18.2 Experimental Background 383
18.3 Community of Microfungi in Beech Forests 385
18.4 Functional Diversity of Bacteria in the Litter of Coniferous Forests 393
18.5 Conclusions 399
References 400
Part E Integration
19 Spatial Variability and Long-Term Trends in Mass Balance
of N and S in Central European Forested Catchments
E. Dambrine, A. Probst, D. Viville, P. Biron, T. Paces, M. Novak, F. Buzek, J. Cerny, M. C. Belgrand, and H. Groscheova 405
19.1 Introduction 405
19.2 Approaches to Studying Long-Term Changes in Watersheds 405
19.3 Temporal Variations and Trends 407
19.4 Budgets 415
19.5 Biological Cycling of Sulphur 416
19.6 Conclusions 417
References 418
20 Model Analysis of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Picea and Fagus Forests
H. van Oene, F. Berendse, T. Persson, A.F. Harrison, E.-D. Schulze, B.R. Andersen, G.A. Bauer, E. Dambrine, P. Hgberg, G. Matteucci, and T. Paces 419
20.1 Introduction 419
20.2 Model Description 420
20.3 Input Data and Parameter Values 427
20.4 Model Calibration and Comparison with Measured Data 431
20.5 Model Analysis 442
20.6 Conclusions 462
References 463
21 Interactions Between the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle and the Role of Biodiversity: A Synopsis of a Study Along a North-South Transect Through Europe
E.-D. Schulze, P. Hgberg, H. van Oene, T. Persson, A.F. Harrison, D. Read, A. Kjller, and G. Matteucci 468
21.1 Introduction 468
21.2 Change of Ecosystem Processes Along the European Transect 468
21.3 What Limits the C and N Fluxes in These Forest Ecosystems? 472
21.4 What Are Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) and Net Biome Productivity (NBP) and How Do They Relate to Ecosystem Parameters? 477
21.5 Are There Thresholds and Non-Linearities? 482
21.6 What Role Does Biodiversity Play in Ecosystem Processes? 483
21.7 Conclusions 487
References 488
Subject Index 493
Species Index 499
CD-ROM containing the database of this volume enclosed at the end of the book
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