ISBN: 3540672052
TITLE: Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees
AUTHOR: Schwarze, Francis W.M.R.; Engels, Julia; Mattheck, Claus
TOC:

1 Introduction 1
2 Fundamental Aspects 5
2.1 Wood Anatomy 5
2.1.1 Structure of the Lignified Cell Wall 5
2.1.2 Middle Lamella 6
2.1.3 Primary Wall 8
2.1.4Secondary Wall 8
2.1.5 New Information on the Structure of the S_2 Layer 10
2.2 Mechanical Model for Wood 13
2.3 Types of Wood Decay 16
2.3.1 Brown Rot 17
2.3.2 White Rots: the Whole Spectrum of Diversity 22
2.3.2.1 White Rot 22
2.3.2.2 White Rot: Selective Delignification 22
2.3.2.3 White Rot: Simultaneous Rot 25
2.3.3 Soft Rot 26
2.3.3.1 Soft Rot in Living Trees Caused by an Ascomycete 30
2.3.3.2 Basidiomycetes as Facultative Soft-Rotters 30
3 Examination, Importance and Mechanical Effects of Wood-Decay Fungi in the Living Trees 33
3.1 Fungus Identification 33
3.1.1 Basidiomycetes 34
3.1.2 Ascomycetes 36
3.1.3 Differentiation and Asexual Reproduction of Mycelium 37
3.2 Classification of Wood-Decay Fungi According to Their Main Occurrence in the Tree 37
3.2.1 Colonization Strategies of Stem-Decaying Fungi 40
3.2.2 Colonization Strategies of Root-Decaying Fungi 43
3.2.2.1 Number of Fungal Fruit Bodies and Their Predictive Value 46
3.2.2.2 Fungus Species Which Invade the Stemwood as Well as the Roots 47
3.2.2.3 Root Fungi Found Mainly Only in the Roots 48
3.2.2.4 Wood-Decay Patterns Observable in the Roots 48
3.2.3 Factors Influencing Wood Degradation 49
3.2.4 Symptoms of Damage by Fungal Pathogens 51
3.2.4.1 Symptoms of Damage by Stem and Root-Decaying Fungi 56
3.3 Fungus-Host Combinations 59
3.3.1 Fomes fomentarius 59
3.3.1.1 Distribution and Hosts 59
3.3.1.2 Fruit Bodies 59
3.3.1.3 Possibilities of Misidentification 61
3.3.1.4 Useful Information 61
3.3.1.5 Appearance of the Decay 61
3.3.1.6 Pattern of Wood Decay by Fomes fomentarius (on Beech and Oak) 62
3.3.2 Inonotus hispidus 64
3.3.2.1 Distribution and Hosts 64
3.3.2.2 Fruit Bodies 65
3.3.2.3 Useful Information 65
3.3.2.4 Appearance of the Decay 65
3.3.2.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Inonotus hispidus (on London Plane and Ash) 67
3.3.3 Laetiporus sulphureus 70
3.3.3.1 Distribution and Hosts 70
3.3.3.2 Fruit Bodies 71
3.3.3.3 Useful Information 71
3.3.3.4 Appearance of the Decay 73
3.3.3.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Laetiporus sulphureus (on Robinia and Oak) 73
3.3.4 Fistulina hepatica 76
3.3.4.1 Distribution and Hosts 76
3.3.4.2 Fruit Bodies 76
3.3.4.3 Useful Information 78
3.3.4.4 Appearance of the Decay 78
3.3.4.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Fistulina hepatica (on Oak) 80
3.3.5 Ustulina deusta 81
3.3.5.1 Distribution and Hosts 81
3.3.5.2 Fruit Bodies 82
3.3.5.3 Useful Information 84
3.3.5.4 Appearance of the Decay by Ustulina deusta 84
3.3.5.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Ustulina deusta (on Beech and Lime) 85
3.3.6 Polyporus squamosus 89
3.3.6.1 Distribution and Hosts 89
3.3.6.2 Fruit Bodies 89
3.3.6.3 Useful Information 89
3.3.6.4 Appearance of the Decay 90
3.3.6.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Polyporus squamosus (on Lime and London Plane) 90
3.3.7 Phellinus robustus 94
3.3.7.1 Distribution and Hosts 94
3.3.7.2 Fruit Bodies 94
3.3.7.3 Possibilities of Misidentification 96
3.3.7.4 Useful Information 96
3.3.7.5 Appearance of the Decay 96
3.3.7.6 Pattern of Wood Decay by Phellinus robustus (on Oak) 98
3.3.8 Fomitopsis pinicola 98
3.3.8.1 Distribution and Hosts 98
3.3.8.2 Fruit Bodies 99
3.3.8.3 Useful Information 99
3.3.8.4 Appearance of the Decay 99
3.3.8.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Fomitopsis pinicola (on Spruce and Beech) 101
3.3.9 Heterobasidion annosum 104
3.3.9.1 Distribution and Hosts 104
3.3.9.2 Fruit Bodies 104
3.3.9.3 Possibilities of Misidentification 106
3.3.9.4 Useful Information 106
3.3.9.5 Appearance of the Decay 107
3.3.9.6 Pattern of Wood Decay by Heterobasidion annosum (on Spruce and Pine) 107
3.3.10 Meripilus giganteus 110
3.3.10.1 Distribution and Hosts 110
3.3.10.2 Fruit Bodies 110
3.3.10.3 Useful Information 112
3.3.10.4 Appearance of the Decay 113
3.3.10.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Meripilus giganteus (on Beech and Lime) 113
3.3.11 Armillaria spp. 116
3.3.11.1 Distribution and Hosts 116
3.3.11.2 Fruit Bodies 117
3.3.11.3 Useful Information 117
3.3.11.4 Appearance of the Decay 118
3.3.11.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Armillaria (Armillaria ostoyae on Spruce; Armillaria mellea on Maple) 120
3.3.12 Ganoderma spp 122
3.3.12.1 Distribution and Hosts 122
3.3.12.2 Fruit Bodies 122
3.3.12.3 Useful Information 123
3.3.12.4 Appearance of the Decay 124
3.3.12.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Ganoderma spp. (Ganoderma pfeifferi on Oak; Ganoderma applanatum on Broad-Leaved Lime) 124
3.3.13 Grifola frondosa 128
3.3.13.1 Distribution and Hosts 128
3.3.13.2 Fruit Bodies 129
3.3.13.3 Useful Information 129
3.3.13.4 Appearance of the Decay 129
3.3.13.5 Pattern of Wood Decay by Grifola frondosa (on Oak) 131
3.3.14 Inonotus dryadeus 131
3.3.14.1 Distribution and Hosts 131
3.3.14.2 Fruit Bodies 133
3.3.14.3 Useful Information 133
3.3.14.4 Appearance of the Decay 136
3.3.15 Pholiota squarrosa 138
3.3.15.1 Distribution and Hosts 138
3.3.15.2 Fruit Bodies 138
3.3.15.3 Useful Information 138
3.3.15.4 Appearance of the Decay 138
4 Host-Fungus Interactions: Development and Prognosis of Wood Decay in the Sapwood 139
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 The CODIT Model 141
4.3 Host Response Mechanisms in the Sapwood 143
4.4 Different Response Mechanisms in Heartwood and Sapwood 147
4.5 The Importance of Walls 13 from the Mycological Standpoint 148
4.5.1 The Importance of Walls 13 of the CODIT Model in Heartwood and Ripewood and Their Anatomical Interpretation 148
4.5.2 The Importance of Walls 13 in Sapwood: the Reaction Zones 151
4.6 Reaction Zone Penetration, as Exemplified by Inonotus hispidus 153
4.6.1 Inonotus hispidus in a London Plane Tree 153
4.7 Example of Strong Compartmentalization of Ustulina deusta in a Healthy Beech Tree 155
4.8 Examples of Weak Compartmentalization of Ustulina deusta in a Weakened Beech Tree 156
4.9 Ustulina deusta in Lime Trees 158
4.10 The Behavior of Strong and Weak Compartmentalizers
in the Host-Fungus Interaction 158
4.11 Xylem Rays as the Tree's Achilles Heel in Host-Fungus Interactions 160
4.12 Cracks as `Motorways' for Fungi 162
4.13 The Importance of the Barrier Zone (Wall 4) 163
Postscript 169
References 171
Index 183
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