ISBN: 3540668403
TITLE: Satellite Systems for Personal and Broadband Communications
AUTHOR: Lutz, E.; Werner, M.; Jahn, A.
TOC:

Part I. Basics
1. Introduction 3
1.1 Mobile and Personal Satellite Communications 5
1.1.1 Applications of Mobile Satellite Communications 7
1.1.2 Personal Satellite Communications 7
1.1.3 UMTS, IMT-2000 8
1.2 Broadband Multimedia Satellite Communications 10
1.3 Frequency Bands 11
1.4 Key Aspects of Satellite Communication Systems 12
2. Satellite Orbits, Constellations, and System Concepts 15
2.1 Satellite Orbits 15
2.1.1 Elliptical and Circular Orbits 15
2.1.2 Satellite Velocity and Orbit Period 17
2.1.3 Orientation of the Orbit Plane 18
2.1.4 Typical Circular Orbits 19
2.1.5 Orbit Perturbations 21
2.1.6 Ground Tracks 21
2.2 Satellite - Earth Geometry 23
2.2.1 Geometric Relations between Satellite and Earth Terminal 24
2.2.2 Coverage Area 26
2.3 Satellite Constellations 27
2.3.1 Inclined Walker Constellations 30
2.3.2 Polar Constellations 31
2.3.3 Asynchronous Polar Constellations 34
2.4 GEO System Concept 34
2.4.1 Inmarsat-3 35
2.4.2 EAST (Euro African Satellite Telecommunications) 36
2.5 LEO System Concept 37
2.5.1 Globalstar 38
2.5.2 Intersatellite Links and On-Board Processing 38
2.5.3 Iridium 41
2.6 MEO System Concept 41
2.6.1 ICO 42
2.7 Satellite Launches 42
Signal Propagation and Link Budget 47
3.1 Satellite Link Budget 48
3.1.1 Antenna Characteristics 48
3.1.2 Free Space Loss and Received Power 51
3.1.3 Link Budget 53
3.1.4 Spot Beam Concept 56
3.2 Peculiarities of Satellite Links 58
3.2.1 Dependence on Elevation 58
3.2.2 Time Dependence of Satellite Links 58
3.2.3 Faraday Rotation 61
3.3 Signal Shadowing and Multipath Fading 61
3.3.1 Narrowband Model for the Land Mobile Satellite Channel 62
3.3.2 Satellite Channels at Higher Frequencies 67
3.3.3 Wideband Model for the Land Mobile Satellite Channel 68
3.4 Link Availability and Satellite Diversity 74
3.4.1 Concept of Satellite Diversity 74
3.4.2 Correlation of Channels 76
3.4.3 Link Availability and Satellite Diversity Service Area 79
3.5 System Implications 79
4. Signal Transmission 83
4.1 Speech Coding 83
4.1.1 Quality of Coded Speech 84
4.1.2 Overview of Speech Coding Schemes 84
4.2 Modulation 87
4.2.1 Modulation Schemes for Mobile Satellite Communications 87
4.2.2 Bandwidth Requirement of Modulated Signals 92
4.2.3 Bit Error Rate in the Gaussian Channel 94
4.2.4 Bit Error Rate in the Ricean and Rayleigh Fading Channel 95
4.3 Channel Coding (Forward Error Correction, FEC) 98
4.3.1 Convolutional Coding 100
4.3.2 Block Coding 102
4.3.3 Error Protection with Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 105
4.3.4 RS Codes 105
4.3.5 Performance of Block Codes 106
4.3.6 Performance of Block Codes in Fading Channels 108
4.4 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 110
4.4.1 Stop-and-Wait ARQ 110
4.4.2 Go-Back-NARQ 111
4.4.3 Selective-Repeat ARQ 112
4.5 Typical Error Control Schemes in Mobile Satellite Communications 112
Part II. Satellite Systems for Mobile/Personal Communications
5. Multiple Access 117
5.1 Duplexing 117
5.1.1 Frequency-Division Duplexing (FDD) 117
5.1.2 Time-Division Duplexing (TDD) 117
5.2 Multiplexing 118
5.3 Multiple Access 120
5.4 Slotted Aloha Multiple Access 122
5.4.1 The Principle of Slotted Aloha 122
5.4.2 Throughput of Slotted Aloha 122
5.4.3 Mean Transmission Delay for Slotted Aloha 124
5.4.4 Pure Aloha Multiple Access 125
5.5 Frequency-Division Multiple Access, FDMA 126
5.5.1 Adjacent Channel Interference 127
5.5.2 Required Bandwidth for FDMA 127
5.5.3 Inter-modulation 128
5.5.4 Pros and Cons of FDMA 129
5.6 Time-Division Multiple Access, TDMA 129
5.6.1 Bandwidth Demand and Efficiency of TDMA 131
5.6.2 Burst Synchronization in the Receiving Satellite 133
5.6.3 Slot Synchronization in the Transmitting TDMA Terminals 134
5.6.4 Pros and Cons of TDMA 136
5.7 Code-Division Multiple Access, CDMA 136
5.8 Direct-Sequence CDMA (DSCDMA) 137
5.8.1 Generation and Characteristics of Signature Sequences 138
5.8.2 Investigation of Asynchronous DS-CDMA in the Time Domain 142
5.8.3 Investigation of Asynchronous DS-CDMA in the Frequency Domain 145
5.8.4 Multi-Frequency CDMA, MF-CDMA 150
5.8.5 Qualcomm Return Link CDMA (Globalstar) 150
5.8.6 Synchronous Orthogonal DS-CDMA with Coherent Detection 151
5.9 CDMA Receivers 153
5.9.1 PN Code Synchronization in the CDMA Receiver 153
5.9.2 Rake Receiver 155
5.9.3 CDMA Multiuser Detection 158
5.10 Characteristics of CDMA 163
5.11 CDMA for the Satellite UMTS Air Interface 165
5.11.1 The ESA Wideband CDMA Scheme 165
5.11.2 The ESA Wideband Hybrid CDMA/TDMA Scheme 169
6. Cellular Satellite Systems 171
6.1 Introduction 171
6.1.1 Concept of the Hexagonal Radio Cell Pattern 173
6.1.2 Cell Cluster and Frequency Reuse 173
6.2 Co-Channel Interference in the Uplink 176
6.2.1 Co-Channel Interference for FDMA and TDMA Uplinksl78
6.2.2 Co-Channel Interference for an Asynchronous DS-CDMA Uplink 181
6.3 Co-Channel Interference in the Downlink 190
6.3.1 Co-Channel Interference for FDMA and TDMA Down-links 192
6.3.2 Co-Channel Interference for CDMA Downlinks 194
6.4 Bandwidth Demand and Traffic Capacity of Cellular Satellite Networks l94
6.4.1 Total System Bandwidth 194
6.4.2 Traffic Capacity per Radio Cell 195
6.4.3 Traffic Capacity of the System 196
6.4.4 Required User Link Capacity of a Satellite 197
6.4.5 Overall Network Capacity Considerations 198
7. Network Aspects 201
7.1 Architecture of Satellite Systems for Mobile/Personal Communications 201
7.2 Network Control 203
7.2.1 Tasks of Network Control 203
7.2.2 Signaling Channels of the Air Interface 204
7.3 Mobility Management 206
7.3.1 Service Area of a Gateway Station 207
7.3.2 Location Area 208
7.3.3 Registration and Location Update 209
7.4 Paging 211
7.5 Call Control 212
7.5.1 Setup of a Mobile Originating Call 212
7.5.2 Setup of a Mobile Terminating Call 212
7.6 Dynamic Channel Allocation 214
7.6.1 C/I-Based DCA 217
7.6.2 DCA Using a Cost Function 218
7.7 Handover 219
7.7.1 Handover Decision 221
7.7.2 Handover Procedure 221
7.7.3 Channel Allocation at Handover 222
7.8 Call Completion Probability 224
7.9 Routing 225
7.9.1 Routing in LEO/MEO Satellite Networks 225
7.9.2 Off-Line Dynamic ISL Routing Concept 228
7.9.3 On-line Adaptive ISL Routing 236
7.10 Integration of Terrestrial and Satellite Mobile Networks 240
8. Satellite Technology 243
8.1 Satellite Subsystems 243
8.2 Antenna Technology 246
8.2.1 GEO Antennas for Mobile Links with Spot Beams 246
8.2.2 LEO/MEO Antennas 248
8.3 Payload Architecture 250
9. Regulatory, Organizational, and Financial Aspects 257
9.1 Allocation of Frequency Bands 257
9.2 Licensing/Regulation 262
9.2.1 Granting a System License 262
9.2.2 Licensing in the USA 263
9.2.3 Licensing in Europe 264
9.2.4 Common Use of Frequency Bands by Several Systems 264
9.2.5 Global Licensing and Political Aspects 265
9.3 Financing and Marketing of S-PCN Systems 266
9.4 Operation of S-PCN Systems 268
Part III. Satellite Systems for Broadband Multimedia Communications
10. Multimedia Communications in Satellite Systems 273
10.1 Types of Broadband Communication Networks 273
10.1.1 Traditional Circuit-Switched Networks and the Packet-Switched Internet 273
10.1.2 New Multimedia Satellite Systems Using New Satellite Orbits 274
10.2 Multimedia Services and Traffic Characterization 274
10.2.1 Video Traffic and MPEG Coding 275
10.2.2 Self-Similar Traffic 276
10.3 ATM-Based Communication in Satellite Systems 277
10.3.1 Principles of ATM 277
10.3.2 Implications for ATM-Based Satellite Networks 285
10.4 Internet Services via Satellite Systems 287
10.4.1 Principles of TCP/IP 287
10.4.2 Internet Protocol (IP) 288
10.4.3 Transport Control Protocol (TCP) 290
10.4.4 TCP/IP in the Satellite Environment 294
10.4.5 IP over ATM in the Satellite Environment 297
11. ATM-Based Satellite Networks 299
11.1 System Architecture 299
11.2 Services 300
11.3 Protocol Architecture 303
11.4 ATM Resource Management 304
11.4.1 Connection Admission Control and Usage Parameter Control 304
11.4.2 Congestion Control, Traffic Shaping, and Flow Control 305
11.5 Multiple Access for ATM Satellite Systems 306
11.5.1 TDMA-Based Multiple Access 308
11.5.2 CDMA-Based Multiple Access 309
11.6 Radio Resource Management 311
11.7 Error Control 312
12. Network Dimensioning 315
12.1 Spot Beam Capacity Dimensioning for GEO Systems 315
12.1.1 Motivation and Approach 315
12.1.2 Market Prediction 316
12.1.3 Generic Multiservice Source Traffic Model 318
12.1.4 Calculation of the Spot Beam Capacity Requirements 320
12.1.5 System Bandwidth Demand Calculation 321
12.1.6 Applied Spot Beam Capacity Dimensioning: A Case
 Study 322
12.2 ISL Capacity Dimensioning for LEO Systems 328
12.2.1 Topological Design of the ISL Network 328
12.2.2 ISL Routing Concept 332
12.2.3 Network Dimensioning 332
12.2.4 Numerical Example 336
12.2.5 Extensions of the Dimensioning Approach 341
Appendix
A. Satellite Spot Beams and Map Transformations 345
A.1 Map Projections and Satellite Views 345
A.2 Generation of Satellite Spot Beams 348
B. Parameters of the Land Mobile Satellite Channel 353
B.1 Narrowband Two-State Model at L Band 353
B.2 Narrowband Two-State Model at EHF Band 356
B.3 Wideband Model at L Band 357
C. Existing and Planned Satellite Systems 361
C.1 Survey of Satellite Systems 361
C.2 ACeS (Asia Cellular Satellite) 367
C.3 Astrolink 369
C.4 EuroSky Way 372
C.5 Globalstar 375
C.6 ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbits) 379
C.7 Inmarsat-3/Inmarsat mini-M 386
C.8 Iridium 389
C.9 Orbcomm 396
C.10 SkyBridge 399
C.11 Sky Station 403
C.l2 Spaceway 406
C.13 Teledesic 407
References 411
Index 422
END
