ISBN: 3-540-67269-9
TITLE: Inselbergs
AUTHOR: Porembski, Stefan; Barthlott, Wilhelm (Eds.)
TOC:

1 Why Study Inselbergs? 1
W. Barthlott, S. Porembski
1.1 Inselbergs  Model Ecosystems for Biodiversity Studies 1
1.2 Perspectives of Inselberg Research 3
1.3 Linking Inselberg Research to Other Ecosystems 5
References 6
2 Inselbergs: Geomorphology and Geoecology 7
H. Bremer, H. Sander
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Diversity of Forms and Terminology 7
2.3 Genesis of Inselbergs 8
2.4 Ayers Rock 18
2.5 Microforms and Substrata  Examples from the Cte d'Ivoire 20
2.6 Discussion 32
References 34
3 Xeric Islands: Environmental Conditions on Inselbergs 37
J. Szarzynski
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 The Study of Microclimate on Inselbergs in the Cte d'Ivoire 38
3.3 Conclusions 46
References 47
4 Islands on Islands: Habitats on Inselbergs 49
S. Porembski, U. Becker, R. Seine
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Habitat Types on Inselbergs 51
4.3 Floristic Affinities to Other Rock Outcrop Ecosystems 65
References 66
5 Algae, Fungi, and Lichens on Inselbergs 69
B. Bdel, U. Becker, G. Follmann, K. Sterflinger
5.1 Introduction 69
5.2 Algae 72
5.3 Fungi 75
5.4 Lichens 76
5.5 Habitat Separation 79
5.6 Ecophysiology 83
5.7 Conclu sion 87
References 88
6 Bryophytes 91
J.-P. Frahm
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Floristic Diversity 92
6.3 Habitats 97
6.4 Structural Adaptations 99
6.5 Dispersal 100
6.6 Distribu tion 101
6.7 Comparison with Flowering Plants 101
References 102
7 Vascular Plants on Inselbergs: Systematic Overview 103
W. Barthlott, S. Porembski
7.1 Introduction 103
7.2 Data Availability 104
7.3 Systematic Distribution and Species Numbers 104
7.4 Comparison with Vascular Epiphytes 114
References 115
8 Vascular Plants on Inselbergs: Vegetative and Reproductive Strategies 117
N. Biedinger, S. Porembski, W. Barthlott
8.1 Introduction 117
8.2 Adaptational Aspects of Plant Life- and Growth-Forms on Inselbergs 117
8.3 Reproductive Strategies 133
8.4 Plant Functional Groups and Redundancy in the Vegetation of Inselbergs 138
References 140
9 Ecophysiology of Vascular Plants on Inselbergs 143
M. Kluge, J. Brulfert
9.1 Introduction 143
9.2 Environmental Factors as Stressors 144
9.3 Adaptation of Inselberg Plants to Scarcity of Water 145
9.4 Adaptation of High Irradiance and Temperatures 157
9.5 Adaptation to Deficiency of Mineral Nutrients: Carnivorous Plants 160
9.6 Modes of Photosynthesis in Plants of Mt. Angavokely (Central High Plateau of Madagascar) 161
9.7 Conclusions 168
References 170
10 Variations on One Theme: Regional Floristics of Inselberg Vegetation
Authors according to region
10.1 West African Inselberg Vegetation 177
S. Porembski
10.1.1 Geography and Geology 177
10.1.2 Climate 178
10.1.3 Vegetation 179
10.1.4 Inselberg Vegetation 180
10.1.5 Life-Forms and Ecological Adaptations 196
10.1.6 Systematic and Ecological Affinities 199
10.1.7 Phytogeography and Endemism 203
References 208
10.2 East and Southeast Africa 213
R. Seine, U. Becker
10.2.1 Geography and Geology 213
10.2.2 Climate 213
10.2.3 Vegetation 214
10.2.4 Inselberg Vegetation 216
10.2.5 Life-Forms 228
10.2.6 Vegetative Adaptations 228
10.2.7 Reproductive Adaptations 230
10.2.8 Systematic and Ecological Characteristics 230
10.2.9 Biogeography, Endemism, and Speciation 232
References 234
10.3 The Arid Scenario: Inselbergs in the Namib Desert Are Rich Oases in a Poor Matrix
(Namibia and South Africa) 237
N. Jrgens, A. Burke
10.3.1 Geography and Geology 237
10.3.2 Geomorphological Features 238
10.3.3 Soils 241
10.3.4 Climate 242
10.3.5 Flora,Vegetation, and Life-Forms 243
10.3.6 Human Impact and Conservation 255
10.3.7 Research Needs 256
References 257
10.4 Vegetation of Malagasy Inselbergs 259
E. Fischer, I. Theisen
10.4.1 Introduction 259
10.4.2 Geography and Geology 259
10.4.3 Climate 261
10.4.4 Vegetation 261
10.4.5 Inselberg Vegetation 263
10.4.6 Systematic Characteristics 268
10.4.7 Life-Forms and Adaptations 269
10.4.8 Biogeography and Endemism 271
10.4.9 Considerations upon Diversity 274
References 274
10.5 Seychelles 277
N. Biedinger, K. Fleischmann
10.5.1 Introduction 277
10.5.2 Geography and Geology 277
10.5.3 Climate 278
10.5.4 Vegetation of the Granitic Islands 279
10.5.5 Inselberg Vegetation 280
10.5.6 Life-Forms and Adaptations 283
10.5.7 Systematic and Ecological Characteristics 285
10.5.8 Biogeography and Endemism 286
10.5.9 Conservation 287
References 288
10.6 Flora and Vegetation of Inselbergs of Venezuelan Guayana 291
A. Grger
10.6.1 Geography and Geology 291
10.6.2 Climate 291
10.6.3 Vegetation of Venezuela 293
10.6.4 Inselberg Vegetation 295
10.6.5 Life-Forms and Adaptations 299
10.6.6 Systematic Characteristics 302
10.6.7 Biogeography and Endemism 304
10.6.8 Appendix 309
References 312
10.7 The Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana) 315
U. P. D. Raghoenandan
10.7.1 Introduction 315
10.7.2 Geography and Geology 315
10.7.3 Climate 318
10.7.4 Vegetation of the Guianas 319
10.7.5 Inselberg Vegetation 320
10.7.6 Life-Forms and Adaptations 327
10.7.7 Systematic and Ecological Characteristics 328
10.7.8 Biogeography and Endemism 334
10.7.9 Conclusion 335
References 336
10.8 Southeast Brazil 339
H. D. Safford, G. Martinelli
10.8.1 Introduction 339
10.8.2 Geography 340
10.8.3 Geology and Palaeoclimatology 343
10.8.4 Modern Climate 345
10.8.5 Vegetation of Southeastern Brazil 347
10.8.6 Inselberg Vegetation of Southeastern Brazil 352
10.8.7 Life-Forms and Adaptations 358
10.8.8 Systematics 362
10.8.9 Biogeography and Endemism 380
10.8.10 Summary 384
10.8.11 Postscript 385
References 385
10.9 Floristics of Australian Granitoid Inselberg Vegetation 391
S. D. Hopper
10.9.1 Introduction 391
10.9.2 Geography and Geology 392
10.9.3 Flora, Climate, and Vegetation 392
10.9.4 Inselberg Vegetation  Life-Forms, Adaptations, Systematics 394
10.9.5 Biogeography, Endemism, and Speciation 400
10.9.6 Biodiversity of Australian Inselbergs 404
References 404
10.10 Flora and Vegetation of Granite Outcrops in the Southeastern United States 409
R. Wyatt, J. R. Allison
10.10.1 Geography and Geology 409
10.10.2 Climate 412
10.10.3 Zonal Vegetation 415
10.10.4 Inselberg Vegetation 416
10.10.5 Life-Forms and Adaptations 419
10.10.6 Systematic and Ecological Characteristics 421
10.10.7 Biogeography and Endemism/Speciation 423
10.10.8 Appendix 428
References 430
11 Phytogeography 435
R. Seine, S. Porembski, U. Becker
11.1 Introduction 435
11.2 Systematic Composition of Inselberg Florulae 435
11.3 General Tendencies in Distribution Patterns 437
11.4 Endemism 441
11.5 Influence of Regional Diversity 441
11.6 Influence of Paleogeography and Paleoclimate 443
11.7 Speciation 444
11.8 Exotics and Weeds 445
References 448
12 Factors Controlling Species Richness of Inselbergs 451
S. Porembski, R. Seine, W. Barthlott
12.1 Introduction 451
12.2 Species Richness of Inselbergs: the Relationship Between Local and Regional Diversity 453
12.3 Species Richness, Size, and Isolation of Inselbergs 457
12.4 Species Richness: Diversity Patterns on Inselbergs 462
12.5 Species Richness of Inselbergs: Coexistence of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Communities 464
12.6 Conclusions 475
References 478
13 The Fauna of Inselbergs 483
M. A. Mares, R. H. Seine
13.1 Introduction 483
13.2 How Inselbergs Influence Faunal Development 484
13.3 Appendix: Animal Species Closely Associated with Inselbergs 487
References 490
14 Human Dimensions and Conservation 493
R. Seine
14.1 Introduction 493
14.2 Cultural Aspects 493
14.3 Human Impact 499
14.4 Genetic Resources 500
14.5 Proposals for Conservation and Sustainable Use 501
14.6 Appendix 502
References 505
15 Biodiversity of Terrestrial Habitat Islands  the Inselberg Evidence 507
S. Porembski
15.1 Introduction 507
15.2 Inselbergs  an Old and Environmentally Harsh Ecosystem 507
15.3 The Importance of Cryptogams on Inselbergs 509
15.4 Adaptive Traits Towards Life on Inselbergs 509
15.5 Phytogeographical Aspects 511
15.6 Species Richness of Inselberg Plant Communities 511
References 513
Subject Index 515
Species Index 519
END
