ISBN: 3-540-66597-8
TITLE: High Speed LAN Technology Handbook
AUTHOR: Chowdhury, Dhiman D.
TOC:

1 The Ethernet 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Fundamentals 2
1.2 ALOHA Model 3
1.3 Manchester Encoding 4
1.4 IEEE Standards 5
1.4.1 PLS (Physical Layer Signaling) 9
1.4.2 The PMA 11
1.4.3 The AUI 12
1.4.4 The MAU 14
1.4.5 The MDI 14
1.5 CSMA/CD 15
1.5.1 Early Collision 17
1.5.2 Late Collision 18
1.5.3 CSMA/CD Operation: Preamble and SFD Transmission 19
1.5.4 Back-off Algorithm 21
1.5.5 Inter-Packet Gap 22
1.5.6 Round Trip Delay 23
1.6 The MAC 28
1.6.1 Transmit and Receive Data Encapsulation 29
1.6.2 Access Management 31
1.7 Frame Structure 31
1.8 Ethernet Components 42
1.8.1 NIC 42
1.8.2 Ethernet in Action 44
1.9 Interconnection Devices 46
1.9.1 Repeater 47
1.9.2 Bridge 48
1.9.3 Switch 50
1.9.4 Router 51
1.9.5 Gateway 51
1.10 Structured Cabling System 53
1.10.1 The Definition 54
1.10.2 The Subsystems 56
1.10.3 Effects of Wire Characteristics 61
1.10.4 UTP Wiring Concept 68
1.11 The Shared-media Ethernet LAN 73
1.11.1 10 Base-5 (Thick Coax) 74
1.11.2 10 Base-2 (Thin Coax) 75
1.11.3 10 Base-T (TP) 76
2 Basics of LAN Switching 81
Introduction 81
2.1 Switching: A technology overview 81
2.1.1 Stackable Switches 84
2.1.2 Modular Switches 87
2.2 Switching Basics 89
2.2.1 Configuration switching 90
2.2.2 Cell Switching 90
2.2.3 Frame Switching (Layer 2) 91
2.2.4 Switch performance 95
2.2.5 Latency 95
2.2.6 Throughput 96
2.2.7 Congestion Control 96
2.3 Architecture and Design Concept 97
2.3.1 Buffering 97
2.3.2 Address Resolution 98
2.4 The Design 99
2.4.1 Cross-bar Switch 99
2.4.2 Shared-memory Switch 101
2.4.3 Shared Bus 103
2.4.4 Functional Model 103
2.5 Selecting a Switch 104
2.5.1 Buffering 105
2.5.2 Packet Drop 105
2.5.3 Latency 105
2.5.4 Bandwidth and configuration flexibility 106
2.5.5 Remote monitoring capability 106
2.6 Switch Features 106
2.6.1 Auto-sensing (Auto-negotiation) 107
2.6.2 Spanning Tree Protocol 110
2.7 VLAN 129
2.7.1 Virtual Organization 129
2.7.2 Resource Management 129
2.7.3 Bandwidth Efficiency 130
2.7.4 Security 131
2.7.5 VLAN Basics 131
2.8 MLT 139
2.9 IP Multicast 144
2.10 Traffic Class and Dynamic Filtering Service 150
2.10.1 Group MAC Address 151
2.10.2 Port Filtering Mode 151
2.10.3 VLAN 152
2.10.4 GMRP 152
2.10.5 GARP PDU 153
2.10.6 The IEEE 802.1p definition 153
2.11 Simple Network Management Protocol 159
2.11.1 Managed Node 160
2.11.2 Network Management Station 160
2.11.3 Managed object 160
2.11.4 MIB 160
2.11.5 Structure of Management Information 160
2.11.6 SNMP operation 160
2.12 RMON 163
2.12.1 RMON I MIB Groups 163
3 Trends of Ethernet 167
Introduction 167
3.1 Asynchronous versus Synchronous Ethernet 168
3.2 Fast Ethernet 170
3.3 Layered Architecture 172
3.3.1 The Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) 172
3.3.2 MII 174
3.3.3 Physical Coding Sublayer 178
3.3.4 Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) 179
3.3.5 PMD sublayer 179
3.4 Encoding 179
3.4.1 NRZI (Non-Return To Zero Inverted) 181
3.4.2 MLT-3 182
3.5 100 Base-T4 183
3.5.1 The PCS transmit and receive Function 187
3.5.2 PMA sublayer 191
3.5.3 MDI connector 192
3.6 100 Base-T2 194
3.6.1 100 Base-T2 Operation 195
3.6.2 100 Base-T2 PCS 196
3.6.3 PMA Sublayer 197
3.6.4 PHY 197
3.6.5 Delay factors 198
3.7 The 100 Base-X Transceiver 198
3.7.1 100 Base-X PHY encapsulation 201
3.7.2 The 100 Base-X PCS sublayer 201
3.7.3 100 Base-TX 203
3.7.4 100 Base-FX 207
3.8 The 100 Base-T network system 211
3.9 Gigabit Ethernet 213
3.9.1 Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) 219
3.9.2 The PMA sublayer 221
3.9.3 The PMD sublayer 222
3.9.4 The GbE MAC 225
3.10 1000 Base-LX GbE 226
3.11 1000 Base-SX 227
3.12 1000 Base-CX 228
3.13 GbE over Copper (1000 Base-T) 231
3.13.1 Layered Architecture 233
3.13.2 Delay Constraints 237
3.13.3 Noise Environment 237
3.13.4 Auto-negotiation 238
3.13.5 1000 Base-T cabling Considerations 240
3.14 GbE Topology and Cabling 241
4 Toke n Ring 245
Introduction 245
4.1 Architecture 246
4.2 TR Basics 247
4.2.1 Differential Manchester Encoding 248
4.3 Symbol Transmission 248
4.4 The PSC Sublayer 251
4.4.1 Implementation of service primitives 252
4.5 The PMC Sublayer 255
4.6 The concentrator 256
4.6.1 Concentrator Lobe Port 259
4.6.2 Trunk Port 261
4.6.3 Active Retiming Concentrator (ARC) 262
4.6.4 Dual-ring and Wrapback Reconfiguration 263
4.7 TR Bridging/Switching 267
4.7.1 SRB/SRS 269
4.8 The concept 269
4.8.1 Token 269
4.9 Frame Structure 273
4.9.1 Frame Control (FC) 273
4.9.2 LLC Frame 276
4.9.3 DA and SA Fields 279
4.9.4 The RI field 281
4.9.5 Frame Check Sequence (FCS) 283
4.9.6 Frame Status 283
4.9.7 The IFG 284
4.10 TR operation 284
4.10.1 TR error Condition 287
4.10.2 Soft Error 295
4.10.3 Active Retiming Concentrator (ARC) 296
4.11 Dedicated TR 296
4.11.1 DTR concentrator 297
4.11.2 Port State Database 302
4.11.3 Filtering Database 302
4.11.4 Destination Route Descriptor (DRD) 302
4.12 DTR Frame Format 304
4.12.1 Access Control (AC) 304
4.12.2 Functional Addresses 305
4.12.3 Ending Delimiter 305
4.12.4 Frame Status 305
4.12.5 The DTR MAC Frames 306
4.12.6 TXI Access Protocol Definition 306
4.13 Fast TR 306
4.13.1 Frame Structure 307
4.13.2 MAC frame 310
4.14 Gigabit TR 310
5 Wireless LAN 311
Introduction 311
5.1 Modulation 311
5.1.1 Amplitude Modulation 312
5.1.2 Frequency Modulation 312
5.1.3 Phase Modulation 312
5.2 Digital Modulation 313
5.2.1 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 314
5.2.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 314
5.2.3 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 314
5.3 Basics of WLAN 316
5.3.1 Overview 317
5.4 Layered Architecture 321
5.4.1 Spread Spectrum (SS) 322
5.4.2 FHSS 323
5.4.3 DSSS 328
5.4.4 Basic Access Protocols 332
5.4.5 Synchronization 346
5.4.6 AP operation 349
5.5 Frame Structure 350
5.5.1 Frame Control (FC) 350
5.5.2 Duration/ID 353
5.5.3 Address Fields 354
5.5.4 Sequence Control 355
5.5.5 Frame Body 355
5.5.6 FCS 355
5.6 IR PHY 356
5.6.1 PLCP Transmit and Receive procedure 358
5.6.2 IR PMD sublayer 360
5.7 Planning for WLAN 362
5.7.1 Product Requirements 362
6 IP Internetworking 365
Introduction 365
6.1 Layer 3 Switch 365
6.2 IP Addressing 367
6.2.1 Subnetting 368
6.2.2 Variable Length Subnet Mask 373
6.2.3 Classless Interdomain Routing 375
6.3 Routing 379
6.3.1 Routing Tables 380
6.3.2 Routing Protocols 382
6.3.3 OSPF Protocol 389
6.4 VoIP Overview 411
6.4.1 Layered Architecture 412
6.5 IP QoS 429
6.5.1 First-in, First-out (FIFO) 431
6.5.2 Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) 432
6.5.3 Custom Queuing (CQ) 434
6.5.4 Priority Queuing (PQ) 435
6.5.5 IP Datagram 436
6.5.6 Integrated Service 449
6.5.7 Differentiated Service (DiffServ) 459
Bibliography 469
Index 473
END
