ISBN: 3540663886
TITLE: Modelling and Simulation in Thermal and Chemical Engineering
AUTHOR: Thoma, J.; Ould Bouamama, B.
TOC:

1 Introduction to Thermodynamic Systems Modelling 7
1.1 Importance of Modelling 7
1.1.1 Definition 7
1.1.2 Importance 7
1.1.3 Levels of Modelling 8
1.1.4 Interest of Bond Graph in Process Engineering 9
1.2 Thermal and Thermodynamics 13
1.2.1 Degrees of Freedom and Liaison Variables in Thermofluids 13
1.3 Heat Flow and Entropy Flow 15
1.3.1 Carnot's Equation 15
1.3.2 The Principles of Thermodynamics 18
1.3.3 Entropy and Disorder 19
1.4 Matter without Movement as Multiport 20
1.4.1 General Views 20
1.4.2 Equations of Multiport C 21
1.4.3 Entropy according to Clausius 23
1.5 Properties of Multiport C 23
1.5.1 Properties and Reciprocities of Maxwell 23
1.5.2 Calculation of Specific Heat 27
1.6 Friction with Entropy Generation 30
1.6.1 Introduction 30
1.6.2 Types of Friction 30
1.6.3 Thermal Friction 31
1.6.4 Bond Graph Model of a Building 33
1.6.5 Thermal Conduction in True Bond Graphs 34
1.6.6 The Body as Multiport C between two Sources 35
1.7 Static Processes and Carnot Cycle 37
1.8 Process with Moving Matter 39
1.8.1 Matter in Movement 39
1.8.2 Ratio between Conduction and Convection 41
1.9 References 43
2 Modelling of Thermofluids 45
2.1 Conservation of Power in Multiports 45
2.1.1 Multiport R:Reco 45
2.1.2 Multiport C 47
2.1.3 Dissipation of Energy in a Resistance 50
2.1.4 Combined Hydraulic Resistance 52
2.1.5 Patching Formulae in Restrictors 54
2.2 Heat Exchanger 55
2.2.1 The Element Hexa 55
2.2.2 An Element Hexa between two Multiports C 56
2.3 Turbomachines 58
2.3.1 Introduction 58
2.3.2 Element TEFMA 59
2.3.3 Simulation of the Dynamic of a Turbomachine 59
2.4 Hydropneumatic Accumulator 61
2.4.1 Simulation of Hydropneumatic Suspension 62
2.5 References 64
3 Modelling of Chemical Systems and Phase Change 65
3.1 Potential or Chemical Tension 65
3.1.1 Introduction 65
3.1.2 Chemical Thermal and Hydraulic Equilibrium 67
3.1.3 Properties of Chemical Tension 68
3.1.4 Constitutive Equations for Gas and Liquids 70
3.2 Coupled Powers and Entropy Stripping 71
3.3 Chemical RC Circuit and Phase Change 76
3.3.1 Analogy between Electric and Chemical Circuit 76
3.3.2 Evaporation of Water in a Boiler 79
3.3.3 Condensation of Vapour 87
3.4 Osmosis 90
3.4.1 Principles and Bond Graph of Osmosis 90
3.4.2 Influence of Pressure and Temperature on Chemical Tension 91
3.4.3 Osmotic Pressure and Boundary Layer 92
3.4.4 Estimation of Thickness of Boundary Layer 94
3.4.5 Estimation of Chemical Resistance 95
3.4.6 Inverse Osmosis 96
3.5 Chemical Reactions 97
3.5.1 Bond Graph Model of a Chemical Reaction 97
3.5.2 Chemical Resistance 102
3.5.3 Chemical Capacity 102
3.5.4 Thermodynamic Model of Chemical Reactions 103
3.5.5 Parallel and Competitive Chemical Reactions 104
3.6 Static Electrochemical Reactions 106
3.6.1 Electrochemical Coupling 106
3.6.2 Bond graph Model of Electrolysis 107
3.6.3 Reversible and Irreversible Thermodynamics and Dissipation 110
3.7 References 111
4 Bond Graph and Process Engineering 113
4.1 Overview 113
4.1.1 Introduction 113
4.1.2 Methodology 114
4.2 Steps in Writing a Bond Graph Model 115
4.2.1 Word Bond Graph 115
4.2.2 Bond Graph Model 115
4.2.3 Assignment of the Causalities 116
4.2.4 Writing Mathematical Equation 117
4.3 Selection of Liaison Variables in Process Engineering Systems 119
4.3.1 Introduction 119
4.3.2 Liaison Variables for Thermodynamic Systems 119
4.3.3 Choice of Liaison Variables for Chemical Systems 126
4.4 References 127
5 Industrial Application of Bond Graph Modelling 129
5.1 Filling of Pneumatic Automobiles 129
5.1.1 Bond Graph Model 129
5.1.2 Simulation by TUTSIM Program 130
5.2 Cooling of Diesel Fuel 132
5.2.1 Bond Graph Model 132
5.2.2 Simulation Results 135
5.3 Ventilation of Buildings 136
5.3.1 Bond Graph Model 136
5.3.2 Simulation by Twentesim 140
5.4 References 142
5.5 Installation of Steam Generator 142
5.5.1 Description of the Process 142
5.5.2 Word Bond Graph of the Global Installation 144
5.5.3 Bond Graph Model of the Electrical Beater 145
5.5.4 Modelling of Feed Water Supply System 147
5.5.5 Bond Graph Model of the Boiler 150
5.5.6 Bond Graph Model of the Steam Expansion System 153
5.5.7 Bond Graph Model of the Condenser 156
5.5.8 Bond Graph Model of the Receiver 163
5.6 References 164
A Elements of Bond Graph Modelling 165
A.1 Definition 165
A.2 Bond Graph Elements with one Port 166
A.2.1 Representation 166
A.2.2 Used Variables in Bond Graph Modelling 166
A.2.3 Passive Elements 167
A.2.4 Active Elements 169
A.2.5 Junctions 169
A.3 Bond Graph Elements with two Ports 170
A.3.1 Transformer TF 170
A.3.2 Gyrator GY 170
A.3.3 Carrousel of Thoma 171
A.3.4 Information Bonds 171
A.4 Multiports Elements or C, I and R Fields 172
A.4.1 Mixed Multiport IC 175
A.4.2 Multiport R 175
A.4.3 Multiport RS 176
A.5 Causality Concept 176
A.5.1 Rules of Causality Selection 177
A.6 Bicausal Bond Graphs 179
A.7 State Space Equations Associated to a Bond Graph 179
A.8 Pseudo Bond Graphs 182
A.9 Conservation of Power and Conservation of Energy 182
A.10 Thermal Inertia and Second Law of Thermodynamics 183
A.11 Inverse Analogy 185
A.12 References 185
B Listing of Simulation Programs 187
B.1 Hydro-Pneumatic Accumulator (Tutsim) 187
B.2 Refueling Pneumatic Automobiles (Tutsim) 187
B.3 Cooling of fuel for Diesel Cars (Tutsim) 189
B.4 Ventilation of a building (Twentesim) 190
B.5 Instrumentation of a Steam generator 195
C Polynomial thermodynamic Functions 197
D Heat Losses and Heat Exchanger Coefficients of Collectors 199
D.1 Not Insulated Steam Conduit 199
D.2 Insulated Steam Conduit 199
D.3 Calculation of Heat Exchange Coefficients 200
D.3.1 Superficial Heat Exchange Coefficient 200
D.3.2 External Heat Exchange Coefficient 200
D.4 References 201
E Simulation Programs under Matlab-Simulink 203
E.1 Block Diagram for the Steam Accumulator 203
E.2 Resolution of the equation of two phase mixture 204
F Heat Radiation and Solar Energy 205
F.1 Units and Usual values of Power 205
F.2 Heat Radiation and Solar Energy 206
F.2.1 Solar Energy 206
F.2.2 Thermal Balance of the Earth 206
F.2.3 Thermal Radiation 207
F.2.4 Solar Collector 209
F.2.5 Glass House Effect and Thermal Death 210
F.3 Philosophical Questions 211
F.4 References 212
7 Liste of Used Symbols 213
Index 215
END
