ISBN: 3540676465
TITLE: Star Clusters
AUTHOR: B.W. Carney, W.E. Harris
TOC:

Stellar Evolution in Globular Clusters 1
Bruce W. Carney
1 Fundamentals of Globular Cluster Stellar Evolution 2
1.1 The Appeal 2
1.2 Basic Physics 3
1.3 The Major Stages of Stellar Evolution 9
2 Unusual Features in the H-R Diagram 29
2.1 Binary Sequences 29
2.2 Blue Stragglers 34
2.3 The Second Parameter 39
3 RR Lyrae Variable Stars 45
3.1 Oosterhoff Classes 47
3.2 RR Lyrae Luminosities 48
3.3 Oosterhoff Classes Redux 58
4 Stellar Populations 59
4.1 How to Identify a Stellar Population 60
4.2 The Halo Population(s) 63
4.3 The Thick Disk Population 78
5 Metallicities 89
5.1 The Metallicity Distribution Function 90
5.2 Measuring Abundances 92
5.3 Some Results for Globular Clusters 99
5.4 Metallicity Indicators 102
5.5 The Importance of Proper Metallicity Scales 110
6 Elemental Abundance Ratios 1,
Clues to the History of Nucleosynthesis 111
6.1 The "alpha" Elements 112
6.2 Neutron Capture Elemental Abundances 124
6.3 Lithium 130
7 Elemental Abundance Ratios II. Internal Processes 136
7.1 Mixing 136
7.2 Mixing/Mass Loss/HB Morphology 144
7.3 Primordial Abundance Variations Within Clusters 148
8 Relative Ages of Globular Clusters 157
8.1 Relative Ages from Relative Turn-Off Luminosities 157
8.2 The Relative Ages of Field Stars 161
8.3 Relative Cluster Ages Derived from Color Differences 163
8.4 Cluster Ages vs. [O/Fe] and [alpha/Fe] 165
8.5 The Second Parameter vs. Age 170
8.6 Cluster Ages vs. Galactocentric Distances 174
8.7 Summary 179
9 Absolute Ages of Globular Clusters 180
9.1 Introduction 180
9.2 Sources of Continuing Uncertainties: Theory 181
9.3 Sources of Continuing Uncertainties: Observations 183
9.4 Comparison with Results from Cepheid Variables 201
9.5 Other Distance Indicators 203
9.6 Additional Age Estimators 204
9.7 Summary 208
References 209
Globular Cluster Systems 223
William E. Harris
1 The Milky Way System: A Global Perspective 227
1.1 A First Look at the Spatial Distribution 227
1.2 The Metallicity Distribution 232
1.3 The Metal-Rich Population: Disk or Bulge? 237
1.4 The Distance to the Galactic Center 240
2 The Distance Scale 244
2.1 Statistical Parallax of Field Halo RR Lyraes 245
2.2 Baade-Wesselink Method 246
2.3 Trigonometric Parallaxes of HB Stars 247
2.4 Astrometric Parallax 247
2.5 White Dwarf Sequences 248
2.6 Field Subdwarf Parallaxes and Main Sequence Fitting 248
2.7 A Synthesis of the Results for the Milky Way 253
2.8 Comparisons in the LMC and M31 254
3 The Milky Way System: Kinematics 257
3.1 Coordinate Systems and Transformations 258
3.2 The Metal-Rich Clusters: Bulge-Like and Disk-Like Features 260
3.3 The Metal-Poor Clusters 264
3.4 Retrograde Motion: Fragments and Sidetracks 268
3.5 Orbits in the Outermost Halo 273
3.6 Some Conclusions 274
4 The Milky Way System: Dynamics and Halo Mass Profile 275
4.1 The Orbit Distribution 275
4.2 The Mass of the Halo: Formalism 277
4.3 The Mass of the Halo: Results 280
5 The Milky Way System: The Luminosity Function and Mass Distribution 285
5.1 Defining the GCLF 286
5.2 Correlations Within the Milky Way 287
5.3 Dynamical Effects 289
5.4 Analytic Forms of the GCLF 292
5.5 The LDF: Power-Law Forms 293
5.6 Comparisons with M31 296
6 An Overview of Other Galaxies: Basic Parameters 301
6.1 Defining and Measuring Specific Frequency 305
6.2 Specific Frequency: Trends and Anomalies 307
6.3 Metallicity Distributions 310
6.4 Substructure: More Ideas About Galaxy Formation 313
6.5 Radial Velocities and Dynamics 319
7 The GCLF and the Hubble Constant 320
7.1 Origins 320
7.2 The Method: Operating Principles 322
7.3 Calibration 323
7.4 Functional Fitting and the Role of the Dispersion 329
7.5 The Hubble Constant 332
8 Globuiar Cluster Formation: In Situ Models 336
8.1 Summarizing the Essential Data 336
8.2 The Host Environments for Protoclusters 338
8.3 A Growth Model for Protoclusters 341
8.4 The Specific Frequency Problem: Cluster Formation Efficiency 347
8.5 Intergalactic Globular Clusters: Fact or Fancy? 351
8.6 The Relevance of Cooling Flows 352
8.7 Dwarf Ellipticals 353
9 Formation: Mergers, Accretions, and Starbursts 355
9.1 Mergers and the Specific Frequency Problem 355
9.2 Observations of Merger Remnants 358
9.3 A Toy Model for Mergers and Specific Frequencies 361
9.4 Other Aspects of the Merger Approach 364
9.5 The Role of Accretions 366
9.6 Starburst Galaxies 370
9.7 A Brief Synthesis 374
10 Appendix: An Introduction to Photometric Measurement 376
10.1 An Overview of the Color-Magnitude Diagram 376
10.2 Principles of Photometry and the Fundamental Formula 378
10.3 Aperture and PSF Measurement 386
10.4 Testing the Data 388
10.5 Dealing with Nonstellar Objects 390
References 395
Index 409
END
