ISBN: 3540411429
TITLE: Cell Polarity and Subcellular RNA Localization
AUTHOR: Richter, Dietmar (Ed.)
TOC:

Contents
Localization of mRNAs at Synaptic Sites on Dendrites
Oswald Steward and Paul Worley
1 Introduction 1
2 The Machinery for Translation in Dendrites 1
2.1 SPRCs Are Precisely Localized in the Postsynaptic Cytoplasm 2
2.2 SPRCs Are Present at Spine Synapses on Different Neuron Types 2
2.3 SPRCs Are Often Associated with Membranous Organelles in an RER-Like Configuration 3
2.4 SPRCs Are Also Present at Non-Spine Synapses 3
2.5 SPRCs Are Especially Prominent at Developing Synapses 4
3 Types of Proteins That Are Synthesized at SPRCs 4
3.1 Biochemical Studies of Proteins Synthesized by Subcellular Fractions Enriched in Pinched-Off Dendrites 4
3.2 mRNAs in the Dendrites of Neurons in Vivo 6
3.3 Molecular Biological Analyses of the Complement of mRNAs in Isolated Dendrites from Neurons in Vitro 10
3.4 The Search for Novel Dendritic mRNAs 11
4 Activity-Dependent Regulation of mRNA Trafficking in Dendrites 11
4.1 Lessons from the Study of Arc: A Cellular Mechanism for Protein Synthesis-Dependent Synaptic Modification 14
4.2 Post-Translational Processing Within Dendrites 14
5 Signals That Mediate mRNA Routing and Localization 16
5.1 Granules: Supramolecular Packets That May Be Involved in mRNA Transport 18
5.2 mRNA Translocation Mechanisms 19
5.3 Regulation of mRNA Translation at Synapses 20
5.3.1 Studies in Hippocampal Slices 20
5.3.2 Studies in Intact Animals 20
5.3.3 Studies in Synaptoneurosomes 21
6 Conclusion 22
References 23
Long-Lasting Hippocampal Plasticity: Cellular Model for Memory Consolidation?
J.U. Frey
1 Introduction 27
2 How? 28
2.1 Long-Term Potentiation 28
2.2 Synaptic Tagging and the Variable Persistence of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity 29
2.3 Requirements for Cellular Consolidation 31
3 Where? 33
4 When? 35
5 Conclusion 37
References 37
Neuronal RNA Localization and the Cytoskeleton
Gary J. Bassell and Robert H. Singer
1 Localization of Cytoskeletal Proteins to Neuronal Processes and Growth Cones 41
2 Regulation of Neuronal mRNA Localization 45
3 Mechanism of mRNA Localization 47
4 mRNA May Be Transported as Particles or Granules 50
5 Future Directions 51
References 53
Transcription Factors in Dendrites: Dendritic Imprinting of the Cellular Nucleus
Jim Eberwine, Christy Job, Janet Estee Kacharmina, Kevin Miyashiro, and Stavros Therianos
1 Introduction 57
2 CREB mRNA Is Localized to Neuronal Dendrites 58
3 CREB Protein Is Present in Dendrites 60
4 CREB Protein Moves from the Dendrite to the Cell Nucleus 61
5 Potential Importance of Dendritic CREB in Modulating Neuronal Functioning 61
6 Biological Impetus for Dendritic Imprinting 65
References 67
RNA Trafficking in Oligodendrocytes
John H. Carson, Hongyi Cui, Winfried Krueger, Boris Schlepchenko, Craig Brumwell, and Elisa Barbarese
1 Introduction 69
2 A2RE Is a cis-Acting RNA Trafficking Determinant 70
3 hnRNP A2 Is a trans-Acting RNA Trafficking Factor 71
4 A2RE/hnRNP A2-Mediated Nuclear Export 72
5 A2RE/hnRNP A2-Mediated Granule Assembly 72
6 A Dual Motor Mechanism for RNA Trafficking on Microtubules 74
7 RNA Trafficking in the Virtual Cell 75
8 The Taxol Paradox 76
9 Negotiating Branch Points 77
10 Translation Regulation 79
11 Summary 80
References 80
Extrasomatic Targeting of MAP2, Vasopressin and Oxytocin mRNAs in Mammalian Neurons
Stefan Kindler, Evita Mohr, Monika Rehbein, and Dietmar Richter
1 Introduction 83
2 Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 83
2.1 Dendritic Localization of MAP2 mRNAs 83
2.2 Distribution and Function of MAP2 in Neurons 84
2.3 Characterization of a cis-Acting Dendritic Targeting Element in the MAP2 3' UTR 86
3 Axonal and Dendritic Targeting of VP and OT mRNAs 92
3.1 Axonal mRNA Compartmentalization 92
3.2 Dendritic mRNA Compartmentalization 96
3.3 Molecular Determinants of Subcellular mRNA Targeting 96
4 Final Conclusions and Perspectives 97
References 101
RNA Transport and Local Protein Synthesis in the Dendritic Compartment
Alejandra Gardiol, Claudia Racca, and Antoine Triller
1 Introduction 105
2 Differential Subcellular RNA Localization in Neurons 106
2.1 Dendritic RNAs 106
2.2 Synaptic mRNAs 107
2.2.1 Neurotransmitter Receptor mRNAs 107
2.2.2 Non-Neurotransmitter Receptor Synaptic mRNAs 108
2.3 Axonal and Presynaptic mRNAs 109
3 RNA Transport 110
3.1 trans-Acting Factors 110
3.1.1 Translational Factors and Transport Granules 110
3.1.2 Granule Motors 111
3.1.3 mRNA-Specific trans-Acting Factors 112
3.2 cis-Acting Sequences 113
4 Synapse and Local Protein Synthesis Machinery 114
4.1 Ultrastructural Data Suggesting Subsynaptic Protein Synthesis 114
4.2 Immunocytochemical Characterization of the Dendritic Translational Machinery 115
4.3 Biochemical Studies of Translation and Glycosylation Within Dendrites 116
5 Activity-Dependent mRNA Transport and Protein Synthesis 116
5.1 Glutamate Receptor Activation and Calcium Entry 117
5.2 Ca^2+-CaMKII Activation and Phosphorylation Pathways 118
5.3 The Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway 119
6 Conclusions and Perspectives 120
References 121
Neuronal BC1 RNA: Intracellular Transport and Activity-Dependent Modulation
Jrgen Brosius and Henri Tiedge
1 Evolutionary Relationships 130
2 Intracellular Transport 131
3 Activity-Dependent Regulation 134
4 Outlook 136
References 137
Nucleocytoplasmic mRNA Transport
Yingqun Huang and Gordon G. Carmichael
1 Introduction 139
2 The Export Machinery 139
2.1 Nuclear Pores 139
2.2 Import and Export Receptors 140
2.3 The Role of Ran in the Establishment of Compartment Identity 141
3 Cellular mRNA Export 143
3.1 The Cap Structure 143
3.2 The Poly( A) Tail 144
3.3 hnRNP Proteins 145
3.4 SR Proteins 146
3.5 Visualization of mRNA Export 146
3.6 The Role of Splicing in mRNA Export 147
4 Conclusions 150
References 150
RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes
Kinneret Rand and Joel Yisraeli
1 Introduction 157
2 The Early Localization Pathway 158
2.1 RNAs That Undergo Localization Along the Early Pathway. 158
2.2 cis-Acting Elements 159
2.3 trans-Acting Factors and Cytoskeletal Elements 160
3 The Late Pathway 160
3.1 RNAs That Undergo Localization Along the Late Pathway 161
3.2 cis-Acting Elements 162
3.3 trans-Acting Factors 164
3.4 Cytoskeletal Elements 167
4 The Animal Localization Pathway 168
5 Concluding Remarks 169
References 170
Local Protein Synthesis in Invertebrate Axons: From Dogma to Dilemma
J. van Minnen and N.I. Syed
1 Introduction 175
2 mRNA in Axons 177
3 Translocation of mRNA 177
4 Origin of RNA 179
5 Protein Synthesis in Axons 180
6 The Identity of Protein Synthetic Machinery in Axons 183
7 Which Proteins Are Synthesized in Axons? 185
8 Functions of Local Protein Synthesis 187
9 Discussion 190
References 194
Nucleocytoplasmic RNA Transport in Retroviral Replication
Harald Wodrich and Hans-Georg Krusslich
1 Introduction 197
2 Retroviral Replication 198
3 RNA Export in Simple versus Complex Retroviruses 198
4 Regulation of HIV-1 Gene Expression: An Overview 201
4.1 How Is Nuclear Retention of Rev-Dependent RNAs Determined? 201
4.2 The HIV-1 Rev-RRE System 203
4.3 CRM1 Is the Cellular Export Receptor for Rev 205
4.4 Other Cellular Factors That Interact with the Rev Protein 206
4.5 Rev/RRE-Like Systems in Other Complex Retroviruses 207
5 CTE: The Constitutive RNA Transport Elements of D-Type Retroviruses 208
5.1 hTAP: A Potential Cellular Export Receptor for CTE 209
5.2 RNA Export in Other Retroviruses and Pararetroviruses 211
6 Summary and Conclusions 212
References 213
Subject Index 219
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