ISBN:3790813826
TITLE: Technology, Innovation and Policy
AUTHOR: Koschatzky
TOC:

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT
Networks in Innovation Research and Innovation Policy - An Introduction
Knut Koschatzky
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Theoretical Aspects of Innovation Networks 5
1.3 Innovation Networking in Europe: Some Empirical Evidence 9
1.4 Promotion of Innovation Networking by Innovation and Technology Policy 10
1.5 Structure and Objectives of this Volume 16
1.6 References 20
Innovation by Networking: An Economic Perspective
Michael Fritsch
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Impediments to a Division of Innovative Labour 25
2.3 What is a "Network"? 27
2.4 Advantages of Network Relationships 28
2.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications 32
2.6 References 33
SECTION II: KNOWLEDGE AND LEARNING IN INNOVATION NETWORKS
3. Knowledge, Innovation Processes and Regions
Emmanuel Muller
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 From Knowledge to Regions: a Theoretical Overview 37
3.3 An Illustration of the Influence of Spatial Patterns on Knowledge Interactions 44
3.4 Conclusion: Research and Policy Agenda 48
3.5 References 49
4. Innovation Processes and the Role of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS)
Simone Strambach
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 What Are Knowledge-Intensive Services (KIBS)? - Some Remarks about the Definition 53
4.3 Changing Perspective on Innovation and the Firm - Towards a Systemic Understanding of Innovation 56
4.4 Spatial Dimension: Growth Features of KIBS in Europe - National,Regional, Functional, and Sectoral Diversity 56
4.5 The Contribution of KIBS to Innovation within National and Regional Innovation Systems: Direct and Indirect Effects 60
4.6 Conclusions - Some Implications for Innovation Policy 66
4.7 References 67
5. Institutions of Technological Infrastructure (ITI) and the Generation and Diffusion of Knowledge
Antoine Bureth, Jean-Alain Héraud
5.1 Introduction 69
5.2 An Endogenous Approach to the Local Dimension, Based on Learning Processes 70
5.3 The Structure of Knowledge 75
5.4 Managing the Institutional Landscape of the Regions: the Functional Approach of the ITIs 79
5.5 Conclusion 89
5.6 References 90
6. Innovative Links between Industry and Research Institutes - How Important Are They for Firm Start Ups in the Metropolitan Regions of Barcelona, Vienna and Stockholm?
Javier Revilla Diez
6.1 Introduction 93
6.2 Data Base - The European Regional Innovation Survey (ERIS) 94
6.3 Empirical Analysis 96
6.4 Conclusion 106
6.5 References 107
SECTION III: INNOVATION NETWORKS IN TRANSITION
7. Implementation of a Network Based Innovation Policy in Central and Eastern European Countries - Slovenia as an Example
Günter H. Walter
7.1 Introduction 111
7.2 Strategy: Bottom-Up, Endogenous Growth 112
7.3 Creation of Networks in Central and Eastern Europe 115
7.4 FhG-ISI Scheme of Transfer of Institutional Know-How 121
7.5 German Transitional Assistance for Slovenia 122
7.6 Looking Ahead 124
7.7 References 125
8. Innovation Networking in a Transition Economy: Experiences from Slovenia
Knut Koschatzky, Ulrike Bross
8.1 Problems of System Transformation and of the Development of Innovation Networks in Slovenia 127
8.2 Basic Data 130
8.3 Co-Operation Patterns of Slovenian Companies 133
8.4 Types of Co-Operation 138
8.5 Spatial Reach of Co-Operation Relationships 139
8.6 Innovation Co-Operation with Companies from the Point of View of Research Institutions 141
8.7 Summary and Conclusions for Innovation Policy 147
8.8 References 150
9. Integration through Industrial Networks in the Wider Europe: An Assessment Based on Survey of Research
Slavo Radosevic
9.1 Background
9.2 Financial Integration
9.3 Trade Integration
9.4 Foreign Direct Investments
9.5 Non-Equity Production Networks
9.6 Industry Studies
9.7 Firm Studies
9.8 Conclusions
9.9 References
10. East German Industrial Research: Improved Competitiveness through Innovative Networks
Franz Pleschak, Frank Stummer
10.1 Formulation of the Problem 175
10.2 Requirements of Innovation Activity 175
10.3 Joint Operation of Innovative Potential in Networks 178
10.4 Final Remarks 187
10.5 References 188
11. Innovation Networks and Regional Venture Capital Companies in Germany - Experiences for Central and Eastern European Countries
Marianne Kulicke
11.1 Introduction 191
11.2 Transaction Costs and the Venture Capital Market 193
11.3 The Role of Regional Venture Capital Companies in Germany 194
11.4 Integration of Regional Venture Capital Companies into Innovation Networks 198
11.5 Conclusions from German Experience which Is Relevant for Transition Countries 201
11.6 References 203
SECTION IV: INNOVATION NETWORKS AND REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICY
12. Innovation, Interaction and Regional Development: Structural Characteristics of Regional Innovation Strategies
Andrea Zenker
12.1 Introduction 207
12.2 Regional Innovation Systems 208
12.3 Regional Innovation Initiatives - Concepts, Strategies, and Elements of Success 211
12.4 Conclusion 218
12.5 References 219
13. Innovation Networks and Industrial Research in the New Federal States: Perspectives of Economy and Structural Policy
Herbert Berteit
13.1 Introduction 223
13.2 Innovation Networks 225
13.3 Statistical Indicators for Innovation Networks 235
13.4 Perspectives of Economic and Structural Policy238
13.5 References 241
14. Innovation Networks and Regional Policy in Europe
Mikel Landabaso Christine Oughton, Kevin Morgan
14.1 Introduction: Innovation and Regional Policy 243
14.2 Regional Innovation Systems and Learning Regions 247
14.3 RIS: Towards Collective Learning in Less Favoured Regions 256
14.4 The Impact of RIS Projects 261
14.5 Conclusions 269
14.6 References 270
List of Contributors 275
Index 277
List of Figures
Figure 1-1: Regional innovation networks 8
Figure 3-l: The pyramid of knowledge 39
Figure 3-2: The chain-linked model 40
Figure 3-3: A context of expanding knowledge 41
Figure 3-4: The surveyed regions 45
Figure 3-5: The wheel of knowledge interactions involving KIBS and SMEs 46
Figure 4-1: Common characteristics of knowledge intensive business services 54
Figure 4-2: Share of business Service employment in total employment in Europe 1996 57
Figure 4-3: Share of business Services in total Service employment in European 
regions 1996 59
Figure 4-4: Contribution of KIBS firms in innovation Systems 60
Figure 4-5: Knowledge production and knowledge diffusion in the interaction process of business Services and their clients 64
Figure 5-l:Possible actions of ITI 80
Figure 8-l: General map of the Republic of Slovenia 128
Figure 8-2: Co-Operation with different partners according to employment size-classes and export shares 135
Figure 8-3:Innovative co-Operation with external partners according to input factors 137
Figure 8-4: Spatial reach of co-operation relationships of Slovenian companies 139
Figure 8-5: Kinds of co-operative relationships of research institutes with firms 144
Figure 8-6: Kind of co-operative relationships with firms according to type of institute 145
Figure 8-7: Spatial pattern of research co-Operation according to type of institute 146
Figure 8-8: Spatial Pattern of firm co-Operation according to type of institute 147
Figure 11-l: Regional orientation and profit orientation of investors on the German venture capital market 196
Figure 13-1: Networks dominated by companies 227
Figure 14-1: The Networked Economy 247
Figure 14-2: A fragmented regional innovation System: less favoured regions 249
Figure 14-3: A learning region: An efficient regional innovation system 254
List of Tables 
Table l-l: Characteristics of RITTS and RIS projects 14
Table 6-1: Metropolitan innovation survey 95
Table 6-2: Year of foundation of the questioned industrial companies 95
Table 6-3: Composition of the interviewed plants according to industrial sector 96
Table 6-4: Technology areas of the interviewed industrial companies 97
Table 6-5: Characteristics of the interviewed industrial companies 98
Table 6-6: Sources of information for the realisation of product innovations 9 9
Table 6-7: Co-Operation links shown by the industrial companies interviewed 100
Table 6-8: Co-Operation relationships according to the different stages of an innovation process - Vienna 101
Table 6-9: Co-Operation relationships according to the different stages of an innovation process - Barcelona 102
Table 6-10: Co-Operation relationships according to the different stages of an innovation process - Stockholm 103
Table 6-11: Reach of the interviewed companies' co-operative links 104
Table 6-12: Regional turnover distribution of the interviewed industrial companies 105
Table 6-13: Reach of Co-operative links between the interviewed industrial companies and research institutions 105
Table 8 1: Composition of the industrial survey according to branches 131
Table 8-2: Composition of the industrial survey according to size classes 132
Table 8-3: Composition of the sample according to types of research institutes 133
Table 8-4: Co-Operation partners according to branches 136
Table 8-5: Intensity of research institutes' co-Operation with firms 
and other Partners 143
Table 10-1: Frequency of contacts between the technology centre of
Thuringia and other technology actors 180
Table 10-2: Advantages of working in innovative networks 181
Table 10-3: Frequency of R&D co-operation between companies 
and institutions and other innovative actors 184
Table 10-4: Frequency of areas of R&D co-operation 185
Table 10-5: Pre-requisites for the successful Performance of
innovative networks 186
Table 13-1: Total R&D expenditure and R&D personnel of the
companies in 1993 and in 1995, according to selected economic branches and to the companies' headquarters 232
Table 14-1: Ten structural factors affecting the Regional Innovation
Systems in LFRs 250
Table 14-2: Member States and their regions involved in the RIS action 257
Table 14-3: Most common RIS generated action in order of priority 263
Abbreviations
BAV Business Angels Venture
BJTU Beteiligungskapital für junge Technologieunternehmen (Business Investment Capital for New Technology-Based Firms)
BMBF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry for Education and Research)
BVK Bundesverband deutscher Kapitalbeteiligungsgesellschaften - German Venture Capital Association e.V. (BVK)
CEE Central and Eastern Europe
CEECs Central and Eastem European Countries
CRITT Centre regional d'innovation et de transfert de technologie
DFG Deutsch Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Council)
DG Directorate-General
EC European Commission
EDP Electronic data processing
EFRE Europäischer Fonds für regionale Entwicklung (European Regional Development Fund)
ERDF European Regional Development Fund
ERIS European Regional Innovation Survey
EU European Union
FDI Foreign Direct Investments
FhG-ISI Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GDRs Global Depositary Receipts
GREMI Groupe de Recherche Européen sur les Milieux Innovateurs
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IER Institute for Economic Research
IMA Institut für Materialforschung und Anwendungstechnik GmbH
IR Innovation Services and Regional Development
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
IT Information Technology
ITI Institutions of Technological Infrastructure
JVs Joint Ventures
KIBS Knowledge-Intensive Business Services
KISSIN Knowledge intensive Services in Europe
LFR Less Favoured Regions
M&A Mergers and Acquisitions
MBG Mittelständische Beteiligungsgesellschaft (Middle Class Venture Capital Company)
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MNCs Multinational Companies
NACE Multinational Enterprises Statistical Classification of Economic Activities
NIS National Innovation Systems
NTG Network for Technological Expertise
NUTS Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development .
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OPT Outward Processing Traffic
R&D Research and Development 
R&TD Research and Technological Development
R&TDI Research, Technological Development and Innovation
RINNO Regional prosperity through Innovation help from the European Commission
RIS Regional Innovation Strategies
RIS Regional Innovation System
RITTS Regional Innovation and Technology Transfer Strategies
RKW Rationalisierungskuratorium der deutschen Wirtschaft (Rationalisa-tion
Curatorium for German Industry)
RTD Research and Technological Development
RTP Regional Technology Plan
S&T Science and Technology
SIA  Slovenian Innovation Agency
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
SME Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
SOEs State-owned enterprises
SÖSTRA Institut für Sozialökonomische Strukturanalysen Berlin
SURS Slovenian Office for Statistics
TGZ Technologie  und Gründerzentren (Technology and Incubator centres)
Tou Technologieorientierte Unternehmensgründungen (New Technology-Based Firms)
TOU-NBL Technologieorientierte Unternehmensgründungen in den neuen Bun-desländern (New Technology-Based Firms in the New Federal States)
TIPIK Technology and Infrastructures Policy in the Knowledge-based Economy
TRIPS Trans Regional Innovation Projects
TSER Targeted Socio-Economic Research
UK United Kingdom
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