ISBN: 3-540-67555-8
TITLE: Lipid Bilayers
AUTHOR: Katsaras, John; Gutberlet, Thomas (Eds.)
TOC:

Structure and Interactions of Lipid Bilayers: Role of Fluctuations
John F. Nagle and Stephanie Tristram-Nagle 1
1 Introduction 1
2 Structure 3
2.1 Levels of Description of Structure 3
2.2 Problem with the Gravimetric Method 5
2.3 Electron Density Profile Method 6
2.4 Why Are there so Few Orders of Diffraction? 8
2.5 Liquid Crystallography 9
2.6 Structural Results 11
2.7 Absolute Electron Density Profiles 13
3 Interactions Between Bilayers 14
3.1 Hard versus Soft Confinement Regimes 14
3.2 Experimental Window on the Fluctuation Force 16
3.3 Simulations 17
3.4 Determination of Interaction Parameters 19
4 Concluding Remarks 19
References 20
Aligned LipidWater Systems
John Katsaras and V. A. Raghunathan 25
1 Introduction 25
2 The Subgel Phase of DPPC Multibilayers 26
3 In-Plane Structure of the Gel Phase 30
4 The Ripple Phase 31
5 Hydration, Aligned Lipid Systems and the Vapour Pressure Paradox 34
6 Magnetically Alignable Lipid `Substrates' 37
7 Concluding Remarks 38
References 39
Conformations of Fluid Lipid Membranes
Beate Klsgen 47
1 Introduction 47
2 Features of the Fluid Bilayer State 48
2.1 Dynamics of Membranes 49
2.2 Phases of Lipids 54
2.3 Lipid Vesicles 57
2.4 Interaction of Membranes 61
3 Superstructures of the Fluid Lamellar Phase 65
3.1 Dark Bodies and Dispersive Phase 67
3.2 Saddle Structures in Extended Membranes 70
3.3 Infinite Swelling of Uncharged Membranes 73
4 Concluding Remarks 77
References 79
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Phospholipid Bilayers
Scott Feller 89
1 Introduction 89
2 Overview of Molecular Dynamics Simulation 90
2.1 Potential Energy Functions 90
2.2 Equations of Motion 95
2.3 Summary 96
3 Determination of Lipid Component Volumes 97
3.1 Method of Calculation 97
3.2 Phosphatidylcholine Fragment Volumes 99
3.3 Interpretation of Diffraction Data 100
4 Concluding Remarks 104
References 105
New Insights into Biomembrane Structure from Two-Dimensional
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy
Daniel Huster and Klaus Gawrisch 109
1 Introduction 109
2 NOESY NMR and Lipid Membranes 111
3 Spin Diffusion in the Lipid Matrix 115
4 Cross-Relaxation Rates and Molecular Disorder 117
5 Lateral Membrane Organization in Complex Lipid Mixtures 119
6 Concluding Remarks 120
References 122
X-ray and Neutron Scattering Studies of Lipid Monolayers and Single Bilayers
Gregory S. Smith and Jaroslaw Majewski 127
1 Introduction 127
2 X-ray and Neutron Techniques for Studying Lipids at the AirWater, SolidAir, and SolidLiquid Interfaces 127
2.1 Reflectometry 128
2.2 Grazing Incidence Diffraction (GID) 131
3 The Structure of Lipid Layers 132
3.1 The Langmuir Technique and Lipid Monolayers 133
3.2 Pure Lipid Monolayers 134
3.3 Single Lipid Bilayers 140
3.4 Mixed Lipid Monolayers 142
4 Concluding Remarks 144
References 145
Direct Determination of Biomembrane Structures
Douglas L. Dorset 149
1 Introduction 149
2 Early Determinations of Phospholipid Bilayer Structures 150
3 Direct Determination of Crystallographic Phases 151
4 Possible Structure-Based Constraints on Phase Determination 154
5 X-Ray Structure Analyses of Lipid Bilayers  the Use of Direct Methods 155
6 Direct Phasing in the Electron Crystallography of Phospholipid Bilayers 156
7 The Ripple Phase of Hydrated L-DMPC 157
8 Direct Phase Determination of Integral Membrane Proteins 158
9 Concluding Remarks 159
References 160
X-ray Diffraction Studies on the Effect of Additives on the Phase Behaviour of Lipids
Gert Rapp, Sergio S. Funari, Frank Richter and David Woo 165
1 Introduction 165
2 Polymorphism of Amphiphiles 166
2.1 Structure Determination 167
3 Hydrophilic Additives 168
3.1 Salts 168
3.2 Saccharides 171
3.3 Lipid/PEG Conjugates 172
3.4 Lipid/DNA Complexes 174
4 Hydrophobic Additives 175
4.1 Sterols 175
4.2 Alkanes176
5 Amphiphilic Molecules 177
5.1 Surfactants 177
5.2 Fatty Acids 180
6 Interaction of Peptides with Membranes 182
7 Effect of Lipases on the Polymorphism of Lipids 182
8 Concluding Remarks 183
References 183
Peptides in Lipid Bilayers: Determination of Location by Absolute-Scale X-ray Refinement
Stephen H. White and Kalina Hristova 189
1 Introduction 189
2 Fluid-Bilayer Structure Determination Issues 189
3 Absolute Scale Refinement Method 192
3.1 Overview 192
3.2 Per-Lipid Scattering-Density Profiles of Bilayers Containing Peptide (Step 1) 194
3.3 Modeling the Peptide-Perturbed Bilayer Structure (Step 2) 195
3.4 Finding the Best Gaussian Transbilayer Distribution of the Peptide (Step 3) 196
3.5 Modeling the Peptide Conformation, Position, and Orientation (Step 4) 196
4 Validating the Structure Refinement 199
5 Disposition of Ac-18A-NH_2 in DOP C Bilayers 200
6 Concluding Remarks 201
References 203
Solid State NMR Approaches to the Study of Membrane Proteins in Magnetically Aligned Model Membranes
R. Scott Prosser and Charles R. Sanders, II 207
1 Introduction 207
2 General Features of Bicelles and Parallel-Aligned Model Membranes 209
3 Sample Preparation and Reconstitution Strategies 213
4 Experimental Techniques 215
4.1 Orientational and Structural Information 217
4.2 Resolution, Acquisition and Assignment of Multidimensional Spectra 219
5 Scaling Order in Bicelles and Lanthanide-Doped Bilayers 224
6 Concluding Remarks 225
References 226
Liposome Phase Systems as Membrane Activity Sensors for Peptides
Peter Laggner and Karl Lohner 233
1 Introduction 233
2 Models for PeptideLipid Interactions and Cell Membrane Disruption 234
2.1 Relevance of Phase-Diagram Mapping 235
3 Physico-Chemical Methods to Probe Membrane Activity 237
3.1 X-ray and Neutron Diffraction 238
3.2 Thermodynamic Methods 241
4 Lytic Peptides: Melittin and delta-Lysin 242
5 Antimicrobial Peptides 252
6 Concluding Remarks 259
References 259
Fusion and Rupture of Lipid Model Membranes
Toon Stegmann, Justin Teissie and Mathias Winterhalter 265
1 Introduction 265
2 Liposomal Fusion 265
3 Rupture of Lipid Membranes 268
4 Electric Fields as a Tool to Induce Fusion or to Modify Membrane Permeability 273
5 Fusion Mediated by Proteins 278
6 Concluding Remarks 282
References 282
Index 289
END
