ISBN: 3540673997
TITLE: Landscape Balance and Landscape Assessment
AUTHOR: Krnert, Steinhard, Volk (Eds.)
TOC:

1 Introduction: Landscape balance and landscape assessment 1
1.1 Aims and topics of the book 1
1.2 Theoretical background: Sustaining and improving of landscape regulation functions 2
1.3 Nature areas, landscape units or hydrological response units? 7
1.4 Data base and indicators: About difficult dependencies and relationships 12
1.5 Scales and dimensions in landscape ecology: Transformation, aggregation and disaggregation of landscape information 13
1.6 Integrated landscape analysis and assessment as a base for sustainable landscape development: Theory and spatial (and economic) planning practice 14
1.7 Final comments about general trends of German landscape ecology 18
1.8 References 20
2 History of landscape assessment 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 The basis of landscape-ecological assessment 23
2.2.1 The term "landscape" 24
2.2.2 The term (landscape) "assessment" 25
2.3 Use related assessment of landscape components 26
2.3.1 Relief 26
2.3.2 Soil 28
2.3.3 Water 29
2.3.4 Climate 30
2.3.5 Flora 31
2.3.6 Fauna 31
2.4 Integrated assessment of the potential and functions of landscapes 32
2.4.1 Potential 32
2.4.2 Functions of landscapes 32
2.4.3 Landscape elements, landscape units 33
2.4.4 GIS-aided methods 34
2.5 Systemizing different landscape assessment methods 35
2.5.1 Unsolved problems in assessment methods and future perspectives 35
2.6 Assessment focal points in German ecosystem research centers 38
2.7 Outlook/ Perspectives 41
2.8 References 41
3 Databases, data organization and data processing 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 The problems faced 47
3.3 The need for data resulting from tasks, objectives and specific features of landscape ecological investigations 48
3.3.1 The specific of landscape ecological investigations 50
3.3.2 Tasks and objectives of landscape ecological work 50
3.3.3 The role of geographical dimensions and scales 51
3.3.4 The need for data 53
3.4 Types of data, data sources and methods of data acquisition 53
3.4.1 Topographic information 53
3.4.2 Thematic information 60
3.5 Remote sensing data 70
3.5.1 Aerial photography and satellite imagery 71
3.5.2 Development of the use of instruments 71
3.5.3 The importance of resolution 75
3.5.4 Landscape balance 76
3.5.5 Outlook 79
3.6 GIS and models - important tools for landscape analysis and landscape assessment 79
3.7 References 84
4 Researching state and dynamics in landscape using remote sensing 87
4.1 Image processing 87
4.1.1 Image correction, enhancement, and manipulation 87
4.1.2 Visual image interpretation 90
4.1.3 Quantitative analysis of classified images 91
4.1.4 Examples of quantitative approaches to image classifications 93
4.2 Possibilities and limitations for land use monitoring with remote sensing data and GIS methods 102
4.2.1 The role of remote sensing data in urban and regional monitoring 102
4.3 Conclusion and outlook 110
4.4 References 111
5 The analysis of spatio-temporal dynamics of landscape structures 113
5.1 Concept of landscape ecology 113
5.2 The purpose of the spatio-temporal analysis of landscapes 114
5.3 Concept of landscape metrics 115
5.4 Types of landscape metrics and processing of satellite data 117
5.5 Demonstration of the hierarchical approach for a particular mining region in Germany 121
5.6 Possibilities and limitations when quantifying landscape metrics 131
5.7 Conclusion 132
5.8 References 134
6 Scales and spatio-temporal dimensions in landscape research 137
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 Theory of geographic dimensions 138
6.2.1 The terms ,scale' and ,dimension' 138
6.2.2 Hierarchy theory 139
6.2.3 The problem of homogeneity and heterogeneity 144
6.2.4 Landscape heterogeneity and change 146
6.3 Scales and dimensions in landscape ecology 149
6.4 Regionalization in landscape ecology 152
6.5 Examples for cross-scale and scale-specific investigations 156
6.6 Discussion and conclusion 157
6.7 Outlook 158
6.8 References 160
7 Landscape balance 163
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Interactions between landscape structures and processes 167
7.3 Fluxes of matter, energy and information in landscapes 169
7.3.1 Vertical and horizontal fluxes and processes 169
7.3.2 Scale specific and cross scale investigations 171
7.4 Water carried fluxes of nutrients and pollutants 172
7.4.1 Investigation methods 172
7.4.2 GIS-coupled modelling on different scales 172
7.5 Theory: A scale-specific hierarchical approach 176
7.6 The study areas 179
7.6.1 The Dessau district 180
7.6.2 The Parthe river watershed 180
7.7 'Top down': balancing - modeling - typifying 181
7.8 'Bottom-up': measuring - mapping - modeling 187
7.9 Discussion and conclusions 194
7.10 Outlook 196
7.11 References 197
8 Landscape assessment 203
8.1 Introduction 203
8.2 Assessment of landscape structures at the topological level for the conclusion of development goals in agricultural landscapes 206
8.2.1 Topological dimension and assessment 206
8.2.2 Primary and secondary landscape structure 209
8.2.3 Regional landscape structure assessments and environmental quality objectives 213
8.2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of landscape structure assessments 214
8.3 Using GIS for landscape ecological assessments and multicriteria optimization for the Barnstdt test area 216
8.3.1 Introduction 216
8.3.2 Initial questions and functional assessment 218
8.3.3 Geoecological assessment of the current state of the landscape 221
8.3.4 Significance of scenarios within the methodology for land use options 221
8.3.5 Results 235
8.3.6 Summary 235
8.4 Polyfunctional assessment of landscapes using landscape units 237
8.4.1 The conflict between segregating and integrating the protection of natural resources 237
8.4.2 Landscape units and landscape types 239
8.4.3 Functional assessments 239
8.4.4 Polyfunctionale Assessment 241
8.4.5 Summary 243
8.5 GIS-based landscape assessment 243
8.6 References 246
9 Landscape function assessment and regional planning: Creating knowledge bases for sustainable landscape development 251
9.1 Introduction 251
9.2 The key position of the region for landscape analysis and spatial development 252
9.3 Multifunctional landscapes and sustainable development 253
9.4 Normative dimensions of landscape development 255
9.5 Instruments and processes of landscape related regional planning 256
9.6 A landscape function assessment procedure for the Dessau region 259
9.6.1 The Dessau region 259
9.6.2 Methods of landscape analysis and evaluation 261
9.6.3 Assessing the renewal of groundwater resources of the Dessau region 265
9.6.4 Assessing the capacity for agricultural production 268
9.6.5 Assessing the water and matter retention 270
9.6.6 Integrating landscape functions: conflicts and complementarities of planning objectives 273
9.7 Conclusions 277
9.8 References 279
10 Decision support for land use changes - A combination of methods for policy advising and planning 281
10.1 Introduction 281
10.2 Characterization of the two methods with an integrated concept 282
10.2.1 The Querfurt method - A concept for landscape assessment and optimization 282
10.2.2 The Torgau method - A concept for assessing alternative options in conflict situations 285
10.3 Combining the Querfurt and Torgau methods 289
10.4 Discussion 294
10.5 References 296
Index 299
END
