ISBN: 3540419683
TITLE: GeoComputational Modelling
AUTHOR: Fischer, Leung
TOC: 

Preface
1 GeoComputational Modelling - Techniques and Applications: 1
Prologue
Manfred M. Fischer and Lee Yeung
PART A: Concepts, Modelling Tools and Key Issues
2 Computational Neural Networks - Tools for Spatial Data
Analysis
Manfred M. Fischer
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Why Computational Neural Networks? 17
2.3 Definition of a Computational Neural Network 20
2.4 Properties of the Processing Elements 21
2.5 Network Topologies 24
2.6 Learning in a Computational Neural Network 27
2.7 A Taxonomy of Computational Neural Networks 29
2.8 Outlook - How Do Neurocomputing Techniques Differ? 34
3 Evolving Computational Neural Networks Through Evolutionary Computation
Xin Yao
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Evolving Computational Neural Network Architectures 37
3.3 EPNet 40
3.4 Experimental Studies 48
3.5 Evolutionary Learning and Optimization 60
3.6 A Population of ECNNs as an Ensemble 61
3.7 Conclusions 69
4 Neural and Evolutionary Computation Methods for Spatial Classification and Knowledge Acquisition
Yee Leung
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Spatial Classification by Multilayer Feedforward Neural Networks 73
4.3 Spatial Classification by Other Unidirectional Neural Networks 78
4.4 Spatial Classification by Recurrent Neural Networks 80
4.5 Clustering by Scale-Space Algorithms 80
4.6 Rule Learning by a Radial Basis Function Neural Network 83
4.7 Rule Learning by a Hybrid Fuzzy Neural Network 89
4.8 Rule Acquisition by Genetic Algorithms - The SCION System 94
4.9 Fuzzy Rule Acquisition by Genetic Algorithms - The GANG0 System 100
4.10 Conclusions 107
5 Cellular Dynamics: Modelling Urban Growth as a Spatial Epidemic
Michael Batty
5.1 Defining Urban Growth as Sprawl 109
5.2 Growth as an Epidemic: Spatially Aggregate Models 112
5.3 Simplifications and Extensions to the Aggregate Model 116
5.4 Growth as Spatial Diffusion: Spatially Disaggregate Models 122
5.5 A Computable Structure Based on Cellular Automata 125
5.6 The Dynamics of Urban Regeneration 130
5.7 Classifying Urban Growth through Morphology 134
5.8 Conclusions: Applications and Policy 139
PART B: Spatial Application Domains
6 Spatial Pattern Recognition in Remote Sensing by Neural Networks
Graeme Wilkinson
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Artificial and Biological Neural Networks 146
6.3 Recent Developments in Remote Sensing 147
6.4 Uses of Neural Networks in Remote Sensing 148
6.5 Creation of Neural Network Input Vectors 150
6.6 Neural Networks in Unsupervised Classification of Remote Sensing Data 150
6.7 Neural Networks in Supervised Classification of Remote Sensing Data 154
6.8 'Soft Computing' Approaches Using Neural Networks 157
6.9 Managing Complexity 159
6.10 Hybrid Analysis Methodologies 162
6.11 Conclusions 164
7 Fuzzy ARTMAP - A Neural Classifier for Multispectral Image Classification
Sucharita Gopal and Mandred M. Fischer
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Adaptive Resonance Theory and ART 1 166
7.3 The ARTMAP Neural Network Architecture 173
7.4 Generalization to Fuzzy ARTMAP 177
7.5 The Spectral Pattern Recognition Problem 180
7.6 Fuzzy ARTMAP Simulations and Classification Results 181
7.7 Summary and Conclusions 188
8 Neural Spatial Interaction Models
Manfred M. Fischer
8.1 Introduction 195
8.2 The Model Class under Consideration 196
8.3 Training Neural Spatial Interaction Models: Classical Techniques 200
8.4 A New Global Search Approach for Network Training: The Differential Evolution Model 205
8.5 Selecting Neural Spatial Interaction Models: The Model Choice Issue 208
8.6 Evaluating the Generalization Performance of a Neural Spatial Interaction Model 214
8.7 Conclusion and Outlook 218
9 A Neural Network Approach for Mobility Panel Analysis
Gnter Haag
9.1 Introduction 220
9.2 The German Mobility Panel 221
9.3 Classical Panel Analysis 223
9.4 Application of Computational Neural Networks to the German Mobility Panel 223
9.5 Analysis of the Variable LOG[DAU_SUM] 228
9.6 Analysis of the Variable NUTZPKW 232
9.7 Conclusions and Outlook 234
References 236
List of Figures 255
List of Tables 259
Subject Index 261
Author Index 271
List of Contributors 277
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