ISBN: 3540431233
TITLE: Nonlinear Photonics
AUTHOR: Guo, Kao, Li, Chiang
TOC:

Preface V
Acknowledgements VII
1. Optical Communication 1
1.1 A Brief History of the Development of Optical Fiber Technology 1
1.2 The Roles of Optoelectronics 7
1.3 The Information Age 9
References 11
2. Medium Equations and Electrical Susceptibilities in Nonlinear Photonics 13
2.1 Medium Equations in Nonlinear Photonics 14
2.1.1 Electromagnetic Field Equations with Nonlinear Sources 14
2.1.2 Medium Equation in the Time-Space Domain 15
2.1.3 Medium Equation in the Frequency Domain 16
2.2 The Classical Approach of Electrical Susceptibility 18
2.2.1 Classical Linear Oscillators and Linear Susceptibility 18
2.2.2 Classical Anharmonic Oscillators 21
2.3 The Semiclassical Approach of Electrical Susceptibility and the Equations of Motion of the Density Operator 24
2.3.1 chi^(n) and Microscopic Quantum Processes 24
2.3.2 The Equations of Motion of the Density Matrix 26
2.4 The Elements of the Density Matrix and of the Susceptibility Tensor 28
2.4.1 Polarization in An Independent Molecular System 28
2.4.2 Orders of the Density Matrix Elements 29
2.4.3 Orders of Susceptibility Tensor Elements 32
2.5 The General Properties of Nonlinear Susceptibility and of the Feynman Representations 36
2.5.1 Symmetry of Nonlinear Susceptibility 36
2.5.2 Intermolecular Interactions 40
2.5.3 Feynman Diagram Representations 42
2.6 Nonlinear Susceptibility in Optical Fibers and Semiconductors, and the Kramers-Kronig Relations 44
2.6.1 Nonlinear Susceptibility in Silica Fibers 44
2.6.2 The Kramers-Kronig Relations 47
2.6.3 Nonlinear Susceptibility and Light Induced Nonlinear Refractive Index in Semiconductors 50
References 51
3. Wave Equations in Nonlinear Photonics 53
3.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Equations in Nonlinear Photonics 53
3.1.1 Wave Equations in the Time-Space Domain 54
3.1.2 Wave Equations in the Frequency Domain 55
3.2 Slowly Varying Amplitude and Nearly Planar Wave Approximations 57
3.3 Coupled-Wave Equations in Multiwave Interactions 58
3.3.1 Coupled-Wave Equations in Three-Wave Interactions 58
3.3.2 Coupled-Wave Equations in Four-Wave Interactions 61
3.4 Nonlinear Wave-Equations in Optical Fibers 63
3.4.1 Basic Nonlinear Equations in Fibers 63
3.4.2 Lengths in Fibers, Nonlinear Fiber Coefficient and Nonlinear Photon Coefficient 66
3.5 Nonlinear Wave Equations in Semiconductors 71
References 73
4. Energy and Phase Relations in Nonlinear Photonics 75
4.1 Parametric and Nonparametric Processes in Nonlinear Photonics 76
4.2 Energy Conservation and Manley-Rowe Relations 78
4.3 Momentum Conservation and Perfect Phase-Matching 80
4.3.1 Momentum Conservation and the Necessity of Phase-Matching 80
4.3.2 Perfect Phase-Matching Techniques in Nonlinear Crystals 83
4.4 The Concept and Use of Quasi-Phase Matching 91
4.4.1 The Potential Applications of QPM 92
4.4.2 The Periodic and Nonperiodic QPM 93
4.4.3 QPM-SHG in Waveguides 96
References 98
5. Some Standard Topics in Nonlinear Optics 101
5.1 Optical Second Harmonic Generation 102
5.2 Three-Wave Mixing Optical Parametric Processes 105
5.2.1 Optical Parametric Amplifiers 105
5.2.2 The Optical Parametric Oscillators 107
5.3 Optical Four-Wave Mixing and Optical Phase Conjugation 110
5.3.1 Conditions Required in Parametric FWM 110
5.3.2 Optical Phase Conjugation 112
5.4 Nonlinear Light Scattering 118
5.4.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 118
5.4.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering 121
References 128
6. Semiconductor and Quantum Well Nonlinear Photonics 131
6.1 Photon-Induced Nonlinearities and Some Fast Photonic Processes in Semiconductors 132
6.1.1 The General Cases of Photon-Induced Absorption and Refractive Index Changes 132
6.1.2 The Virtual-Transient State Nonlinearities in Semiconductors 135
6.2 Franz-Keldysh Effects in Bulk Semiconductors 138
6.2.1 The Absorption Change and Refractive Index Change 138
6.2.2 The Analysis on Franz-Keldysh Effect by the Effective-Mass Theory in the Direct-Gap III-V Semiconductors 139
6.3 Particle State-Density Distributions in Quantum Wells 141
6.3.1 The Quantum-Size Effect in a Two-Dimensional Quantum Well 142
6.3.2 The Particle State-Density Distributions in Two-, One- and Zero-Dimensional Wells of Infinite Depth 148
6.4 Unique Features of QW Lasers 153
6.4.1 The Effective Band Gap Shifts to a Shorter Wavelength 154
6.4.2 The Optical Gain-Spectrum and the Optical Gain-Peak 154
6.4.3 Lower Threshold Current, Larger Quantum Efficiency, Higher Speed, Narrower Spectrum Linewidth, and Greater Output Power 155
6.4.4 High Stability of Threshold Current with Changing Temperature 156
6.5 Kramers-Kronig Relations in Quantum Well Materials 156
6.5.1 Photonic Nonlinearities in Quantum Wells 157
6.5.2 Nonlinear Absorption in the 2D Quantum Well 158
6.5.3 Kramers-Kronig Relations for 2D Quantum Wells 159
6.6 Quantum-Confined Stark Effects in Quantum Well Structures 160
6.6.1 QCSE with Extra Field 160
6.6.2 Well-Bottom Inclined by the Extra Field and Electric Absorption 161
6.6.3 Exciton Linewidth Broadening and Lifetime Shortening Caused by the Extra Field 161
6.6.4 QCSE Compared with Franz-Keldysh Effects 163
6.6.5 Semiconductor Optical Modulators of QCSE 164
References 166
7. Fiber Nonlinear Photonics 169
7.1 Group Velocity Dispersion and Pulse Broadening 171
7.1.1 GVD-Caused Optical Pulse Broadening 171
7.1.2 Dispersion Compensation and Dispersion-Slop Compensation 181
7.1.3 PMD Impairment and PMD Mitigation 186
7.2 Intensity-Induced Refractive Index and Phase Modulation 187
7.2.1 Intensity-Induced Refractive Index in Optical Fibers 187
7.2.2 SPM-Induced and XPM-Induced Spectrum Broadening 188
7.3 Periodically-Adjusted and Macro-Managed Transmission Systems 192
7.3.1 The Performances of a Perfect Fiber Soliton 193
7.3.2 The Compensation of Energy Losses in the Actual Soliton Transmission 196
7.3.3 The Jitter-Controlled Solition and the Gordon-Haus Limit 199
7.3.4 The Dispersion-Managed Soliton and the Enhanced System Stiffness 201
7.4 Nonlinear Optical Fiber Loop and Light-Leading-Light 203
7.4.1 The Phase Features in the Nonlinear Fiber Loop 203
7.4.2 Light-Leading-Light in High-Speed OFC 206
References 208
8. Photonic Nonlinearities in Fiber Communications 211
8.1 Nonlinear Photonics in Fiber Transmission and Optical Networks, Accumulation of Undesirable Effects in Transparent Networks 211
8.2 Photonic Nonlinearities in Long-Distance Fiber Transmission 215
8.2.1 Noise Spectrum Broadening, Eye-Pattern Deterioration, Power Penalty Caused by the FWM, SBS, SRS 216
8.2.2 Dispersion Compensation in the Conventional Single Mode Fiber by the FWM-OPC 218
8.3 High-Speed and OTDM/Soliton Communication Using Nonlinear Effects 222
8.3.1 Pulse Width Broadening and BER Penalty Caused by the SPM and FWM 222
8.3.2 Fiber Soliton and All Optical Demultiplexing in the OTDM Using the SPM, XPM and FWM 222
8.4 Nonlinear Effects on the WDM/DWDM OFC 225
8.4.1 Stimulated Light Scattering in WDM/DWDM OFC, Crosstalk by SBS Near 11GHz Channel-Spacing 226
8.4.2 Four-Wave Mixing in WDM/DWDM OFC 231
8.4.3 Reducing the Nonlinearities of FWM/XPM Crosstalk, SPM-GVD Broadening and Stimulated Scattering 234
8.4.4 Extremely Broadband Raman Amplifiers 237
References 240
9. Nonlinear Optical Waveguides 243
9.1 Second-Harmonic Generation 244
9.1.1 Principles 244
9.1.2 Materials 245
9.1.3 Phase-Matching Techniques 246
9.2 Nonlinear Optical Switching in Directional Couplers 249
9.2.1 Switching of Continuous Waves 249
9.2.2 Switching of Short Pulses 252
9.2.3 Materials and Experiments 253
9.3 Nonlinear Guided Waves 255
9.3.1 The Nonlinear Scalar Wave Equation 256
9.3.2 Examples of Nonlinear Guided Modes 257
9.3.3 Stability of Nonlinear Guided Modes 261
9.3.4 Spatial Solitons 263
9.4 Concluding Remarks 266
References 267
10. Interdiffused Quantum Wells - Optical Properties and Device Applications, Part I 271
10.1 Introduction 271
10.2 Techniques and Mechanism in QW Interdiffusion 278
10.2.1 Impurity Induced Disordering by Ion Implantation 281
10.2.2 Impurity Diffusion-Induced Disordering 284
10.2.3 Impurity-Free Induced Disordering by Diffusion 288
10.2.4 Interdiffusion Mechanism 289
10.3 Band Structure of Interdiffused QWs 293
10.3.1 Confined Eigenstates of EQW 294
10.3.2 Valence Subband-Mixing 295
10.3.3 Strain Effect of the InGaAs/GaAs QW 298
10.4 Intersubband Optical Transition in DFQW 301
10.4.1 Introduction 301
10.4.2 Linear and Third-Order Intersubband Absorption Coefficients 308
10.4.3 Linear and Nonlinear Intersubband Electro-absorptions in DFQW 321
10.4.4 Enhancement of the Nonlinear Third-Order Susceptibility 340
References 345
11. Interdiffused Quantum Wells - Optical Properties and Device Applications, Part II 355
11.1 Interband Optical Properties of DFQW 355
11.1.1 Interband Transitions 355
11.1.2 Electro-Optic Effect 364
11.2 Device Applications 372
11.2.1 Delineated Waveguides 372
11.2.2 Modulators 378
11.3 Summary 388
References 391
Appendices 395
Problems 399
About the Authors 407
Index 411
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