ISBN: 3540426086
TITLE: The Bacterial Cell Wall
AUTHOR: Seltmann, Holst
TOC:

Preface 1
1 Introduction 3
2 The Outer Membrane of the Gram-Negative Bacteria and their Components 9
2.1 Lipids 9
2.1.1 Classification, Significance 9
2.1.2 Isolation and Analysis 10
2.1.3 Chemical Structure 10
2.1.3.1 Fatty Acids 10
2.1.3.2 Waxes and Glycerides 12
2.1.3.3 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 14
2.1.3.3.1 Glycerolphospholipids 15
2.1.3.3.2 Glycolipids 16
2.1.3.3.3 Sphingolipids 17
2.1.3.3.4 Hopanoids 17
2.1.4 Spatial Structure and Physical Properties 18
2.1.5 Biosynthesis of the Lipids 22
2.1.5.1 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids 22
2.1.5.2 Biosynthesis of Waxes and Glycerides 23
2.1.5.3 Biosynthesis of Phospholipids and Glycolipids 24
2.1.5.3.1 Biosynthesis of Glycerolphospholipids 24
2.1.5.3.2 Biosynthesis of Glycolipids 24
2.1.5.3.3 Biosynthesis of Sphingolipids 24
2.1.5.3.4 Biosynthesis of ACL 25
2.1.5.3.5 Biosynthesis of Hopanoids 29
2.1.5.4 Incorporation into the Outer Membrane 29
2.2 Lipopolysaccharides 31
2.2.1 General Remarks 31
2.2.2 General Structure 33
2.2.3 Isolation and Analysis 34
2.2.3.1 Isolation 34
2.2.3.2 Analysis 37
2.2.4 Composition and Structure 40
2.2.4.1 The O-Specific Polysaccharide 40
2.2.4.2 The Core Region 42
2.2.4.3 The Lipid A 45
2.2.4.4 Physical Properties and Spatial Structure 48
2.2.5 Biosynthesis 50
2.2.5.1 Biosyntbesis of the Precursors 50
2.2.5.2 Biosynthesis of Lipid A and the Core Region 52
2.2.5.3 Biosynthesis of O-Specific Polysaccharides 57
2.2.5.4 Genetic Determination of the LPS Biosynthesis 61
2.2.6 The Enterobacterial Common Antigen (ECA) 65
2.3 Proteins of the Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria 67
2.3.1 General Remarks 67
2.3.1.1 Composition and Structure 67
2.3.1.2 Isolation and Analysis 73
2.3.2 Proteins of the Outer Membrane 74
2.3.2.1 Classification 74
2.3.2.2 Detection and Isolation 75
2.3.2.3 The Channel-Forming Proteins 75
2.3.2.3.1 Porin Proteins 76
2.3.2.3.2 Proteins Forming Specific Channels 78
2.3.2.3.3 High-Affinity Receptor Proteins 79
2.3.2.4 The Structure Proteins 81
2.3.2.4.1 Braun's Lipoprotein 81
2.3.2.4.2 OmpA-Protein 83
2.3.2.5 Further Proteins 84
2.3.2.6 Biosynthesis of the Outer Membrane Proteins 84
2.3.3 Organisation and Function of the Outer Membrane Proteins 86
2.4 The Total Membrane 91
2.4.1 General Structure of Biological Membranes 91
2.4.1.1 Composition, Structure, Function 91
2.4.1.2 The Asymmetry of Membranes 92
2.4.2 Composition of the Outer Membrane 94
2.4.3 Structure of the Outer Membrane 95
2.4.4 The Fluidity of the Outer Membrane 98
2.4.5 Assembly of the Outer Membrane 100
3 Periplasmic Space and Rigid Layer 103
3.1 The Periplasmic Space 103
3.2 The Rigid Layer of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria 105
3.2.1 Significance, Isolation, Composition, Structure 105
3.2.1.1 Isolation of the Peptidoglycan 105
3.2.1.2 Chemical Structure of Peptidoglycan 106
3.2.1.2.1 Chemical Structure of the Polysaccharide Moiety 107
3.2.1.2.2 Chemical Structure of the Peptide Moiety 109
3.2.1.3 The Spatial Structure of the Peptidoglycan 111
3.2.1.4 Peptidoglycan as a Transport Barrier 117
3.2.2 Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycan 118
3.2.2.1 Biosynthesis of UDP-N-Acetylmuramyl Pentapeptide 119
3.2.2.2 Biosynthesis of the Complete Subunit and of the Bridge Peptide 120
3.2.2.3 Transfer to the Growing Terminus of the Polysaccharide Chain 123
3.2.2.4 Cross-Linking 123
3.2.2.5 Regulation of Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis 125
3.2.2.6 Possibilities to Influence the Biosyntbesis of Peptidoglycan 128
4 Further Cell Wall Components of Gram-Positive Bacteria 133
4.1 Polysaccharides (Except Capsular Polysaccharides) 133
4.1.1 The Teichoic Acid Family 133
4.1.1.1 Teichoic Acids 134
4.1.1.1.1 Poly-(Polyolphosphate)-Teichoic Acids 134
4.1.1.1.2 Poly-(Glycosylpolyolphosphate)-Teichoic Acids 135
4.1.1.1.3 Heterogeneity of Teichoic Acids 136
4.1.1.1.4 Linkage Units to Peptidoglycan 136
4.1.1.2 Teichuronic Acids 136
4.1.1.3 Lipoteichoic Acids 137
4.1.1.4 Functions of the Teichoic Acids 139
4.1.2 Acidic Polysaccharides 140
4.1.3 Biosynthesis 141
4.1.3.1 Biosynthesis of Teichoic Acids 141
4.1.3.2 Biosynthesis of Teichuronic Acids 142
4.1.3.3 Biosynthesis of Lipoteichoic Acids 142
4.1.3.4 Control of the Biosyntheses 142
4.2 Proteins 144
4.2.1 Isolation and General Structure 144
4.2.2 Streptococcal Cell Wall Proteins 146
4.2.3 Staphylococcal Protein A and Similar Proteins 147
4.2.4 Clumping Factor of Staphylococci 149
4.2.5 Further Proteins of the Gram-Positive Cell Wall 149
4.2.6 Biosynthesis 150
4.3 Ce11 Wall Components of Mycolata 151
4.3.1 The Mycoloyl Arabinogalactan Complex 152
4.3.1.1 The Mycolic Acid Moiety 152
4.3.1.1.1 Properties, Structure 152
4.3.1.1.2 Biosynthesis 154
4.3.1.2 The Arabinogalactan Moiety 155
4.3.1.3 The Complete Molecule 155
4.3.2 Lipoarabinomannan 157
4.3.3 Extractable Lipids 158
4.3.3.1 Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) 158
4.3.3.2 Phenolic Glycolipids (PGL) 159
4.3.3.3 Glycopeptidolipids (GPL) 160
4.3.4 Waxes and Sulfolipids 161
4.3.5 Proteins 161
5 Cell Wall Components of Archaea 162
5.1 Pseudomurein 163
5.2 Methanochondroitin 164
5.3 Heteropolysaccharides 166
5.4 Glutaminylglycan 166
5.5 Lipids 167
5.6 S-Layers and Sheaths 169
6 Components Outside the Cell Wall 171
6.1 Capsules and Slime Layers 171
6.1.1 General Characterisation 171
6.1.2 Detection of Capsules 172
6.1.3 Isolation and Chemical Analysis of the Capsule Material 173
6.1.4 The Capsules of Gram-Negative Bacteria 174
6.1.4.1 Escherichia coli 174
6.1.4.2 The Capsules of other Gram-Negative Bacteria 178
6.1.4.2.1 Gram-Negative Rods 178
6.1.4.2.2 Gram-Negative Cocci 179
6.1.5 Capsules of Gram-Positive Bacteria 179
6.1.5.1 Streptococci and Staphylococci 179
6.1.5.2 Mycobacteria 180
6.1.6 Biosynthesis of CPS 180
6.1.7 Capsules in Immunogenicity and Virulente 182
6.2 S-Layers 183
6.2.1 General Remarks 183
6.2.2 Composition and Structure 183
6.2.2.1 Archaea 185
6.2.2.2 Bacteria 187
6.2.3 Biosynthesis 187
6.2.4 Fixation of S-Layers in the Cell Wall 190
6.2.5 Functions of S-Layers 190
6.3 Sheaths 193
6.4 Filamentous Proteins 194
6.4.1 Flagella 194
6.4.2 Fimbriae and Fibrils 198
6.4.3 Sex Pili 202
7 Cell Wall Models 204
7.1 Gram-Negative Bacteria 206
7.2 Gram-Positive Bacteria 211
7.2.1 "Typical" Gram-Positive Bacteria 211
7.2.2 "Atypical" Gram-Positive Bacteria 215
8 Cell Wall Functions 219
8.1 The Cell Wall as a Transport Organ 219
8.1.1 General Remarks 219
8.1.2 Transport Across the Bacterial Cell Wall 221
8.1.2.1 Transport from the Exterior to the Interior 221
8.1.2.2 Transport from the Interior to the Exterior 227
8.1.3 The Transport (Transduction) of Signals 231
8.2 Protective Function of the Bacterial Cell Wall 233
8.3 The Importante of tbe Cell Wall for Pathogenicity and Virulente 235
8.3.1 Adherence of Bacteria at Surfaces 238
8.3.2 Survival at Surfaces and Penetration Into or Across the Tissue 239
8.3.3 Growth in the Host 241
8.3.4 Undermining, Repulse or Elimination of the Defence Mechanisms of the Host 242
8.3.5 Damaging of the Host 244
8.3.6 The Roles of Particular Cell Wall Components 244
8.3.6.1 Polysaccharides and Related Compounds 245
8.3.6.2 Lipids (Including Lipid A) 247
8.3.6.3 Proteins 248
8.3.6.4 Peptidoglycan 250
8.4 Significance of the Cell Wall for the Maintenance of the Bacterial Shape 251
8.4.1 Rod-Shaped Bacteria 251
8.4.2 Spherical (Coccoid) Bacteria 253
8.5 Interactions between the Bacterial Cell Wall and Bacteriophages 257
8.6 Interactions between the Bacterial Cell Wall and Antibiotics 261
Uncommon Abbreviations 266
Index 268
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