ISBN: 3540012508
TITLE: From Publishing to Knowledge Networks
AUTHOR: Hars
TOC:

Content overview
1. Leveraging information technology for science 1
1.1. Motivation 1
1.2. Analytical focus 5
1.3. Objectives 7
1.4. Approach 7
2. Characteristics of scientific knowledge infrastructures 9
2.1. Theoretical analysis 10
2.2. Empirical analysis: Emerging knowledge infrastructures 34
2.3. Visions of scientific knowledge infrastructures 55
2.4. Synthesis 57
3. Structure of scientific knowledge 83
3.1. Objectives 83
3.2. Theoretical foundations 87
3.3. Object-oriented model of scientific knowledge 102
3.4. Elements of scientific knowledge 124
4. Implications 187
4.1. Feasibility: IS Cybrarium 187
4.2. Conclusion 196

Contents
Preface V
Content overview VII
Contents IX
List of abbreviations XIII
Index of tables XV
Index of figures XVII
1. Leveraging information technology for science 1
1.1. Motivation 1
1.1.1. Impact of previous IT revolutions on science 2
1.1.2. Potential changes to scientific knowledge 4
1.2. Analytical focus 5
1.3. Objectives 7
1.4. Approach 7
2. Characteristics of scientific knowledge infrastructures 9
2.1. Theoretical analysis 10
2.1.1. Traditional infrastructures: scientific journals 10
2.1.1.1. Process perspective 11
2.1.1.2. Object perspective 12
2.1.1.3. Organization perspective 14
2.1.1.4. Validation 16
2.1.2. Impact of information technology 18
2.1.2.1. Object perspective 19

2.1.2.2. Process perspective 25
2.1.2.3. Organization perspective 32
2.1.2.3.1. Stakeholders 32
2.1.2.3.2. Objectives 33
2.2. Empirical analysis: Emerging knowledge infrastructures 34
2.2.1. Electronic journal 36
2.2.1.1. Hybrid electronic journals 37
2.2.1.2. Originally electronic journal 38
2.2.1.2.1. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 38
2.2.1.2.2. MISQ Discovery 39
2.2.1.3. Pre-print archive 40
2.2.2. Digital library 41
2.2.2.1. JSTOR 42
2.2.3. Encyclopedia 42
2.2.3.1. Free Online Dictionary of Computing 43
2.2.3.2. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP) 44
2.2.3.3. GenBank 44
2.2.4. Collaboratory 45
2.2.4.1. Space Physics & Aeronomics Collaboratory 46
2.2.4.2. Principia Cybernetica Web 46
2.2.4.3. Information Systems Cybrarium 48
2.2.4.4. ISWorldNet 48
2.2.5. Bulletin board 49
2.2.6. Logic server 50
2.2.6.1. Ontolingua server 50
2.2.6.2. CYC 51
2.2.6.3. Toronto Virtual Enterprise (TOVE) 52
2.3. Visions of scientific knowledge infrastructures 55
2.3.1. Hypertext-based visions 55
2.3.2. Seminar 57
2.3.3. Eco-museum 57
2.4. Synthesis 57
2.4.1. Mode of interaction 60
2.4.1.1. Type of interaction 61
2.4.1.2. Electronic submission 62
2.4.1.3.Time of publishing 63
2.4.1.4. Updating contributions 63
2.4.1.5. Notification 63
2.4.2. Structure of knowledge 64
2.4.2.1. Structuring criteria 64
2.4.2.2. Types of content 65
2.4.2.3. Link directionality 65
2.4.2.4. Relationship types 66
2.4.2.5. Maintenance of consistency 66
2.4.2.6. Identification of missing knowledge 66
2.4.2.7. Scope 66
2.4.2.8. Versioning 67
2.4.3. Presentation 67
2.4.3.1. Visualization aids 67
2.4.3.2. Navigation aids 68
2.4.3.3. Filtering mechanisms 68
2.4.3.4. Internationalization 68
2.4.3.5. Customization 69
2.4.3.6. Separation of knowledge and presentation 69
2.4.3.7. Client configuration 70
2.4.3.8. Document format 70
2.4.3.9. Print version 71
2.4.4. Governance 71
2.4.4.1.Selectivity 71
2.4.4.2. Authentication 71
2.4.4.3. Authentication mechanisms 72
2.4.4.4. Anonymous contributions 72
2.4.4.5. Revenue model 72
2.4.5. Technology 76
2.4.5.1. Server types 76
2.4.5.2. Search technology 76
2.4.5.3. Standards 80
2.4.5.4. Document authentication 81
2.4.5.5. Duration of record-keeping 81
2.4.5.6. Support for sessions 81
3. Structure of scientific knowledge 83
3.1. Objectives 83
3.1.1. Information systems development 84
3.1.2. Epistemological adequacy 84
3.1.3. Standardization 87
3.2. Theoretical foundations 87
3.2.1. Concept of scientific knowledge 87
3.2.1.1. Knowledge-that 88
3.2.1.2. Knowledge-how 89
3.2.1.3. Knowledge by acquaintance 90
3.2.2. Problems related to knowledge 90
3.2.2.1. Existence of absolute truth 91
3.2.2.2. Hermeneutics - the problem of meaning 91
3.2.2.3. Cumulative nature of knowledge 92
3.2.2.4. Demarcation of scientific knowledge 93
3.2.2.5. Structure of categories 94
3.2.2.6. Complexity 96
3.2.2.7. Nonmonotonic reasoning 97
3.2.2.8. Modal reasoning 97
3.2.3. Relationship with paradigms of science 98
3.3. Object-oriented model of scientific knowledge 102
3.3.1. Approach 103
3.3.2. Meta model 105
3.3.2.1. Generic attributes 106
3.3.2.2. Knowledge-related activities 107
3.3.3. Analysis of epistemologies 113
3.3.3.1. Popper: Logic of scientific discovery 114
3.3.3.2. Nagel: Structure of science 115
3.3.3.3. Dubin: Theory building 116
3.3.3.4. Bunge: Philosophy of science 117
3.3.3.5. Babbie, Emory: Epistemologies in scientific practice 118
3.3.3.6. Synthesis 120
3.4. Elements of scientifc knowledge 124
3.4.1. Concept 124
3.4.1.1. Attributes and relationships 126
3.4.1.2. Subtypes 137
3.4.1.3. Activities 141
3.4.2. Statement 144
3.4.2.1. Attributes and relationships 145
3.4.2.2. Subtypes of 'statement' 151
3.4.2.3. Activities 153
3.4.3. Theory 155
3.4.3.1. Attributes and relationships 156
3.4.3.2. Activities 165
3.4.4. Problem 169
3.4.4.1. Attributes and relationships 170
3.4.4.2. Activities 172
3.4.5. Framework 173
3.4.5.1. Attributes and relationships 173
3.4.5.2. Activities 175
3.4.6. Data 175
3.4.6.1. Attributes and relationships 176
3.4.6.2. Activities 178
3.4.7. Method 178
3.4.7.1. Attributes and relationships 179
3.4.7.2. Activities 181
3.4.8. Project 182
3.4.8.1. Attributes and relationships 182
3.4.8.2. Activities 184
4. Implications 187
4.1. Feasibility: IS Cybrarium 187
4.1.1. Cybrarium architecture 188
4.1.2. Meta structure 191
4.1.3. Open architecture 191
4.1.4. Meta journal 192
4.1.5. Collaborative filtering 192
4.1.6. Annotation 193
4.1.7. Notification 194
4.1.8. Instant publishing 194
4.1.9. Competitive contributions 195
4.1.10. Identification of promising research problems 196
4.2. Conclusion 196
References 199
END
