ISBN: 3540007482
TITLE: The Economic Dynamics of Fuel Cell Technologies
AUTHOR: Avadikyan et al.
TOC:

Foreword by the Editors V
0. Introduction: the economic dynamics of fuel cell technologies 1
Arman Avadikyan, Patrick Cohendet, Jean-Alain Hraud 1
0.1. Specific characteristics of fuel cell technologies 1
0.2. The heterogeneity of the stakeholders 3
0.3. Two main roles of networks in shaping the evolution of emerging technologies 5
0.4. The confrontation of many networks 7
0.5. The central and complex role of public policy 8
0.6. Outline of the book 13
0.7. Conclusive remarks 17
0.8. References 18
Part I Fuel cell technologies: diffusion perspectives and governance of an emerging innovation 21
1. A state-of-the-art of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies: diffusion perspectives and barriers 23
Thierry Alleau 23
1.1. Environment and energy resources: two major concerns 23
1.2. Hydrogen 23
1.2.1. The present hydrogen market 24
1.2.2. What are the present obstacles to the development of hydrogen? 25
1.2.3. Which solutions for the production of hydrogen? 27
1.2.4. Which solutions for the transport of hydrogen? 28
1.2.5. Which solutions for the storage of hydrogen? 29
1.2.6. Which solutions for the conversion of hydrogen? 30
1.3. Fuel cells 30
1.3.1. Historical background 30
1.3.2. How do they work? 31
1.3.3. The various types of fuel cells 31
1.3.4. The PEM-type fuel cell 32
1.3.5. The state of the art of the various fuel cell processes 34
1.3.6. The main application areas for fuel cells 36
1.3.7. Present and expected costs of fuel cells 39
1.4. Conclusion 40
1.5. References 41
2. The future of fuel cells in a long term inter-technology competition framework 43
Silvana Mima, Patrick Criqui 43
2.1. Introduction 43
2.2. Fuel cells in a framework of inter-technology competition 45
2.2.1. Drivers in the competition for stationary power 45
2.2.2. Fuel cells in automotive inter-technology competition 53
2.2.3. Fuel cells for portable devices applications 60
2.3. Dynamics of competition among fuel cell technologies 61
2.3.1. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell technology 62
2.3.2. Alkaline Fuel Cell technology 63
2.3.3. Proton Exchange Membrane technology 63
2.3.4. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell technology 64
2.3.5. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell technology 64
2.4. Preliminary scenarios for the future development of fuel cells 65
2.4.1. Technical change in the POLES 4. model: achievements and limitations 66
2.4.2. Fuel cells in a 'business and technical change as usual' energy projection 71
2.4.3. A fuel cell scenario with accelerated breakthroughs and environmental constraints 72
2.5. Conclusion 76
2.6. References 77
3. Rationales for co-operation between firms and States within an emerging radical innovation 79
Bernard Bourgeois, Silvana Mima 79
3.1. Introduction 79
3.2. Four stylised facts about fuel cell innovation in 2003 80
3.2.1. A radical innovation, with a huge potential market in stationary and transport uses 80
3.2.2. Pre-commercialisation stage and uncertain future development 81
3.2.3. Towards hydrogen civilisation: a long transition process 84
3.2.4. Expectations of the actors in the innovation race 85
3.3. The triple heterogeneity of the fuel cell technology consortia 87
3.3.1. Sector-based heterogeneity 88
3.3.2. Institutional heterogeneity 91
3.3.3. Heterogeneity of internationalisation processes 96
3.4. Public leverage in the development of fuel cells through technology consortia 97
3.4.1. The role of public policy in the competition within the Triad 98
3.4.2. The search for co-operation policies by States 103
3.5. Conclusion 107
3.6. References 111
4. Potential economic impacts of fuel cell technologies 115
Eberhard Jochem, Elna Schirrmeister, Frank Marscheider-Weidemann 115
4.1. Introduction 115
4.1.1. Objectives of macroeconomic impact analysis 116
4.1.2. Methodological approach usually taken 117
4.2. Cost aspects of the fuel cell application 117
4.3. Structural changes in industry and energy supply 120
4.4. Macroeconomic impacts of the diffusion of fuel cells 123
4.5. Regional innovation policy of the federal state Baden-Wrttemberg 126
4.6. Concluding remarks 128
4.6. References 129
Part II Fuel cell vehicles: an international comparison of public-private programmes 131
5. The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles and the US DoE Transportation Fuel Cells Programme 133
Arman Avadikyan and Philippe Larrue 133
5.1. Introduction 133
5.2. Fuel cell R&D activities within the PNGV 135
5.2.1. Objectives and milestones
5.2.2. The range of candidate technologies
5.2.3. Position and evolution of fuel cell projects
5.3. Organisation of the PNGV and management of the Transport Cell Programme
5.3.1. Organisational issues 141
5.3.2. The role of the DoE 143
5.4. Contractual mechanisms and degree of co-operation 146
5.4.1. Funding and budget distribution among stakeholders 147
5.4.2. Co-operation and competition mechanisms 149
5.5. Conclusion 153
5.6. References 158
6. Fuel cells in Canada: from entrepreneurship to innovation clustering 159
Fernand Amesse, Arman Avadikyan and Lysiane Legault 159
6.1. Introduction 159
6.2. The role of federal R&D institutions and policies 160
6.2.1. Natural Resources Canada 161
6.2.2. The National Research Council 167
6.2.3. University research and partnership programmes 169
6.3. Ballard and the Canadian fuel cell technological cluster 173
6.3.1. Ballard and the support of the Canadian Government 173
6.3.2. University-industry relationships 176
6.3.3. The technological cluster strategy 178
6.4. Conclusions 184
6.5. References 184
7. The Japanese R&D system in the field of fuel cell vehicles 187
Arman Avadikyan and Yuko Harayama 187
7.1. Introduction 187
7.2. Fuel cell and hydrogen technology programmes 188
7.2.1. Before the New Sunshine Programme 188
7.2.2. The New Sunshine Programme 189
7.2.3. The Organisation of METI/NEDO Programmes 193
7.3. The position of public research institutions 196
7.3.1. The Agency of Industrial Science and Technology 196
7.3.2. The Science and Technology Agency and the Ministry of Education 198
7.4. The new approach of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 199
7.4.1. The Millennium project 199
7.4.2. Recent orientations 199
7.5. Conclusion 204
7.6. References 206
8. Fuel cell R&D within the European Framework Programmes 207
Panagiotis Markantonatos 207
8.1. Introduction 207
8.2. The Framework Programmes (1980-2000): stimulating an intra-European cooperative strategy 208
8.2.1. First Framework Programme 208
8.2.2. Second Framework Programme 211
8.2.3. Third Framework Programme 214
8.2.4. The Fourth Framework Programme: the stew vision of the Community's R&D policy 216
8.2.5. Fifth Framework Programme: a new dynamism? 221
8.3. The European Research Area: an answer to the cohesion-competitiveness dilemma? 224
8.3.1. Implementation of the European Research Area 224
8.3.2. Fuel cell R&D perspectives 226
8.4. Conclusion 228
8.5. References 232
Contributing Authors 235
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