ISBN: 3540260811
TITLE: Accountability for International Humanitarian Law Violations
AUTHOR: Othmann
TOC:


Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Rwanda and East Timor: Pattern of Violence 7
Rwanda 8
Identifying the Enemy 10
Arusha Peace Agreement 15
Genocide: Its Beginnings 20
Response by the International Community 30
Operation Turquoise 36
Violence: An Inquiry 38
Conclusion 50
Chapter 3 Accountability Arrangements: Rwanda 53
Accountability Demand 54
Genocide 63
Jurisdiction 64
Institutional Organs 69
Accountability: Start up to Completion 74
State Cooperation and ICTR's Mandate 76
Conclusion 86
Chapter 4 Accountability Arrangements: East Timor 89
I. Institutional Arrangements: East Timor 90
Subject Matter Jurisdiction 92
Judicial Institutions 95
Panels with Esclusive Jurisdiction over Serious Criminal Offences 96
Ordinary Crimes 98
Serious Crimes 99
II. Serious Crimes Investigations 99
Investigation Capacity 100
Financing of Invesligations 102
Equipment and Material Support 104
Information and Evidence Gathering 105
Forensic Investigations 106
III. Specific Accountability Issues 109
(a) Arrest and Pre-trial Detention 109
(b) Accountability for Militia Refugees 113
IV. Prosecution Strategy and Policies 119
Continued Accountability 128
V. Indonesia: Accountability and the Legal Framework 129
Indonesia Ad Hoc Human Rights Court 131
VI. Cooperation in Legal, Judicial and Human Rights Mattors 133
Requests to Indonesia 134
Cooperation by UNTAET 135
VII. Human Rights Trials: Indonesia 140
Conclusion 149
Chapter 5 Profiling Perpetrators 153
I. Conceptual Framework an Profiling Perpetrators and Individual  Criminal Responsibility 154
II. Profiling Perpetrators 159
Rwanda 164
East Timor 167
UN ad hoc Tribunals 169
Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) 175
III. A Few Profiling Pitfalls 176
Ntuyahaga Affau 176
Rusatira Affair 185
Conclusion 188
Chapter 6 Conspiracy to commit genocide 191
I. Conspiracy: Law and Practice 192
Definition 196
Overt acts 197
Merger: Conspiracy and the Substantive Offence 198
Legal Elements 199
Procedural Issues 204
Conspiracy and Joinder 207
Evidence of co-conspirators 209
II. Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals: 'Common Plan or Conspiracy' 210
III. The Genocide Convention, the ICC and Conspiracy to commit genocide 216
IV. The Rwandan Conspiracy: Investigation and Prosecution strategy 224
Conspiracy; Indicators and Overt acts 227
Dens of Conspirators 228
Meetings 229
Butare: The Rallying Point 230
Government Authorities 232
The 'Big' or 'Global' Indictment 234
Conclusion 238
END

Table of Contents IX
Chapter 7 Superior Responsibility 241 Command or Superior Responsibility . 242 Military Commanders and Civilian Superiors 247 Legal criteria 247 De facto and de jure Orders 257 Chain of Command 257 Rwanda: Superior Responsibility 258 Blurred Command Structures .266 The Indonesian Artned Forces and East Timor 267 Chanee of Guards 273 Rogue Elements 274 Militia Groups and East Timor Violence 274 The Indonesian Armed Forces and Militia Groups 278 Indonesian Security Forces and the Irraction Element 279 Conclusion .285
Chapter 8 Guilty Pleas 287 I. Guilty Pleas and the Justice Process 288 Guilty Plea: Meaning .289 Guilty Plea: Legal Requirements . ,291 Initial Appearance of Accused and Plea 292 An Inforined Plea 294 An Unequivocal Plea 294 Il. Plea Bargaining 295 III. Plea Agreements and UN Ad Hoc Criminal Tribunals 299 Guilty Plea: Jean Kambanda 306 Sentence: Just, Severe or Excessive 312 Kambanda: Appeal , 317 Omar Serushago 327 Georges Ruggiu 330 Vincent Rutaganira .333 East Timor 334 Conclusion .335
Chapter 9 Conclusion 339 Accountability Matrix ,, ,, 339

