ISBN: 379080164X
TITLE: Lead Markets for Environmental Innovations
AUTHOR: Jacob et al.
TOC:

1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Notion of Lead Markets 1
1.2 Studying Lead Markets 6
2 Theoretical Approaches 11
2.1 Lessons from Innovation Economics 11
2.2 Lessons from Policy Analysis 14
2.3 Pioneering Policy from the Perspective of Environmental Economics 22
2.4 Companies and Strategic Management 26
3 Towards an Integrated Model of the Lead Market for Environmental Innovations 29
4 Case Studies of Lead Markets from Literature Studies 33
4.1 Fuel-EfficientPassenger Cars 33
4.2 Wind Energy 36
4.3 Substitutes for CFCs in Domestic Refrigerators 40
4.4 Chlorine-Reduced Pulp Production 43
4.5 Introduction of the Catalytic Converter for Cars 47
4.6 Substitutes for Phosphates in Detergents 50
4.7 Interim Conclusions 55
5 The International Adoption of Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 59
5.1 Introduction 59
5.2 The Diffusion of Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 60
5.2.1 PV History 60
5.2.2 The Diffusion Pattern 62
5.2.3 Competing PV Designs and Policy Instruments 65
5.2.4 Domestic Markets and the Success of Manufacturers 68
5.3 Factors ofInternational Diffusion 70
5.3.1 Explaining the Adoption of Solar Energy 70
5.3.2 Price and Cost 72
5.3.3 Demand Trends 74
5.3.4 Transfer and Policy Diffusion 74
5.3.5 Competition 76
5.3.6 Export 77
5.4 Conclusions 79
6 Fuel Cells in Stationary Applications 81
6.1 Innovation Designs 81
6.1.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 84
6.1.2 Proton-Electrolyte-Membrane Fuel Cells (PEFC, PEM) 85
6.1.3 Molton Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 86
6.1.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 87
6.1.5 Comparison of the Fuel Cell Types 89
6.1.6 Cost Comparison with Conventional Energy Technologies 90
6.1.7 Comparison of Environmental Impacts 91
6.1.8 Market for CHP Installations 92
6.2 PoliticalInstruments 93
6.3 Comparison of Fuel Cell Policies 94
6.3.1 USA 94
6.3.2 Japan 96
6.3.3 Germany 98
6.3.4 European Union 100
6.3.5 Canada 100
6.3.6 Other Countries and International Activities 101
6.3.7 Comparison of the Research Activities 101
6.3.8 Comparison of Energy Prices 103
6.4 Summarised Assessment 105
7 Fuel Cells for Mobile Applications 109
7.1 Introduction 109
7.2 Lead Markets in the Automobile Industry 110
7.3 Fuel Cells and Alternative Innovation Designs 113
7.3.1 Fuel Cells 113
7.3.2 Battery Electric Vehicles 114
7.3.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) 114
7.3.4 Conventional Fuel Effncient Vehicles 115
7.4 Regulations 116
7.4.1 USA 116
7.4.2 Japan 116
7.4.3 Europe 117
7.5 The International Diffusion of Engine Designs 118
7.6 Conclusions 120
8 Technologies to Reduce Harmful Emissions in Diesel Vehicles 123
8.1 Introduction 123
8.2 Emissions Regulation in the Automobile Industry 125
8.2.1 Auto Oil I 126
8.2.2 Strategies Pursued by the Automobile Industry as Part of Auto Oil I 127
8.2.3 Outcome of Auto Oil I 128
8.2.4 Outlook an Future Emissions Standards for Diesel Vehicles in the EU 129
8.2.5 Tax Incentives 130
8.2.6 Assessing the Process from the Perspective of Technological Potential: Technology Forcing? 130
8.3 The Spread of Diesel Vehicles and Their Markets 132
8.4 Market Development for Diesel Passenger Cars 133
8.5 Technologies Designed to Reduce Hazardous Emissions 135
8.5.1 Engine Modification 135
8.5.1.1 Exhaust Gas Recirculation 136
8.5.1.2 Direct Injection Systems 136
8.5.1.3 Homogeneous Combustion 137
8.5.2 Exhaust Treatment 137
8.5.2.1 Particulate Filters 137
8.5.2.2 Catalytic Converters for the Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides 138
8.6 Carmakers' Teclujological Development Strategy 138
8.6.1 Peugeot Introduces the Particulate Filter 139
8.6.2 Long-Term Testing by ADAC and the Federal Environmental Agency 141
8.6.3 Automobile Manufacturers' Current Technological Strategies 142
8.7 Strategies by Components Suppliers 145
8.7.1 The Companies 146
8.7.2 Research & Development 147
8.7.3 Assessment from a Supplier Perspective 147
8.8 Outlook and Discussion 148
9 Lead Markets for VOC-Reduced Paints 153
9.1 Markets for Paint and Lacquer 154
9.1.1 The Economic Salience of Paint and Solvent 154
9.1.2 Consumption 158
9.1.3 Costs of Low Solvent Paints 160
9.2 VOC Regulations 161
9.2.1 Comparison of Most Important Regulative Measures 161
9.2.2 Summarised Evaluation of Policy Measures 167
9.3 Effects of Regulations 168
9.4 Solvent-Based Paints and the Reformulation of the European Chemical Policy 171
10 Potentials for Substituting Paper by Electronic Media 179
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 Potentials for Substituting Graphical Papers Through Electronic Media 180
10.3 Technologies and Applications and Their Diffusion 182
10.3.1 Cross-Section Technologies and Applications 183
10.3.1.1 Information and Communication Technologies 183
10.3.1.2 The Internet 183
10.3.2 Business-Related Technologies and Applications 187
10.3.2.1 Electronic Document and Form Management 187
10.3.2.2 Document Management Systems 187
10.3.2.3 Electronic Signatures 189
10.3.2.4 Electronic Services 190
10.3.3 Consumer-Oriented Technologies and Applications 191
10.3.3.1 E-Books 191
10.3.3.2 Electronic Paper 192
10.3.3.3 Printing an Demand 193
10.4 Policy Framework 194
10.4.1 Public Policies 194
10.4.1.1 IT Strategies and Action Plans 194
10.4.1.2 The US Government Paperwork Elimination Act 197
10.4.1.3 E-Government Initiatives 198
10.4.2 Industry and Stakeholder Activities 199
10.5 Diffusion Factors 200
10.6 Summary and Conclusions 202
11 Technologies for Paper Recycling 205
11.1 The Development of the Utilisation of Recovered Waste Paper in Germany and in the International Context 205
11.2 Environmental Impacts 209
11.3 Technologies 210
11.3.1 Collection of Waste Paper 210
11.3.2 Treatment of Waste Paper 211
11.4 Policy Measures and Regulatory Approaches 213
12 Regulations Promoting Socially Responsible Investment 217
12.1 Introduction 217
12.2 Design of SRI Products 218
12.3 Regulations Promoting SRI 219
12.3.1 Existing Types 219
12.3.2 International Diffusion of SRI Regulations 220
12.3.3 Effectiveness of SRI Regulations 222
12.3.4 Window of Opportunities to Introduce Regulations 222
12.4 Market Development 223
12.4.1 International Development of SRI Investment Funds 223
12.4.2 Structure of the SRI Market in the UK 226
12.4.3 Further Development 227
13 Comparison of In-Depth Case Studies 229
13.1 Introduction 229
13.2 Frequency Distribution 229
13.3 Analysis of Factor Subgroups 232
13.4 Early Hypotheses in the Light of the Findings from In-Depth Studies 236
13.5 Conclusions 238
14 Policy Patterns to Develop International Markets of Innovations for Sustainability 239
15 Policies for Lead Nfarkets 245
15.1 Policies to Stimulate the Emergence of Environmental Innovations 245
15.2 R&D Policies 249
15.3 Environmental Policies for the International Diffiision of Environmental Innovations 250
15.4 Economic Policies 251
List of Figures 253
List of Tables 255
References 257
END
