ISBN: 3540325182
TITLE: Suppressing Terrorist Financing
AUTHOR: Koh
TOC:

Dedication V
Preface VII
Acknowledgements IX
Table of Contents XI
List of Abbreviations XVII
1 Terrorism and its Financing 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Terrorism in the 21st Century 2
1.2.1 An overview of general trends in modern terrorism 2
1.2.1.1 The types of terrorist groups 2
1.2.1.2 The trend in the late 1960s and 1970s 3
1.2.1.3 The trend since the 1980s 5
1.2.2 The importance of financing for modern terrorism 10
1.2.2.1 Context 10
1.2.2.2 Various needs for financing 12
1.3 Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering 19
1.3.1 The sources of terrorist financing 19
1.3.1.1 Criminal activities 19
1.3.1.2 Donations 21
1.3.1.3 Legitimate businesses 22
1.3.2 The role of money laundering in terrorist financing 24
1.3.2.1 Context 24
1.3.2.2 The relationship of money laundering and terrorist financing 26
1.3.2.3 Some cases of money laundering in terrorist financing 28
4 Conclusion 30
2 The Common Perception an Terrorist Financing prior to 9/11 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 The Orthodox Stance an International Terrorism 32
2.2.1 UN General Assembly and anti-terrorism conventions 32
2.2.2 Security Council and the Lockerbie Incident 35
2.3 The Emergence of Counter-Terrorist Financing Strategy 38
2.3.1 The prototypes 38
2.3.1.1 Context 38
2.3.1.2 Public sector 42
2.3.1.3 Private sector 49
2.3.1.4 A bridging mechanism: the FIU 54
2.3.1.5 International cooperation 56
2.3.2 UN General Assembly and the 1999 Convention 60
2.3.2.1 Context 60
2.3.2.2 Nature and scope 61
2.3.2.3 Public sector 62
2.3.2.4 Private sector 71
2.3.2.5 A bridging mechanism 75
2.3.2.6 International cooperation 76
2.3.3 Security Council and the Afghanistan situation 78
2.4 Conclusion 79
3 The Role of the Security Council since 9/11 81
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Structural Approach: Resolution 1373 82
3.2.1 Background 82
3.2.2 The nature of Resolution 1373 83
3.2.3 The general framework of the resolution 86
3.2.4 The monitoring mechanism 89
3.2.4.1 The operating procedure of the CTC 89
3.2.4.2 The monitoring priorities of the CTC 90
3.2.4.3 The various activities of the CTC 91
3.2.4.4 The current progress and revitalisation of the CTC 94
3.2.5 The criticism 95 3.3 Operational Approach: Resolution 1390 97
3.3.1 The context 97
3.3.2 The nature of Resolution 1390 98
3.3.3 The general framework of the resolution 99
3.3.4 The enforcement body and the monitoring mechanism 100
3.3.4.1 The operating procedure of the Sanctions Committee 100
3.3.4.2 The activities of the Sanctions Committee 101
3.3.4.3 The Monitoring Group 102
3.3.5 The criticism 103
3.4 Lessons for Future Campaign against Terrorist Financing 106
3.4.1 General 106
3.4.2 The definition of terrorism 108
3.4.3 The establishment of a fair and objective mechanism for listing and de-listing 110
3.4.4 The avoidance of duplication 115
3.4.5 The sustaining of momentum 117
3.5 Conclusion 117
4 Standards set by Specialist Bodies since 9/11 119
4.1 Introduction 119
4.1.1 The definition of soft law 120
4.1.2 The Utility of soft law 122
4.2 The Major International Standard Setter: the FATF 124
4.2.1 Context 124
4.2.2 The general framework of the Nine Special Recommendations an Terrorist Financing and the 2003 Forty Recommendations 126
4.2.2.1 Major changes 126
4.2.2.2 The criminal justice measures in the public sector 128
4.2.2.3 The prevention of money laundering in the private sector 131
4.2.2.4 The FIU: a bridging body between relevant sectors 141
4.2.2.5 International cooperation 142
4.3 Other Standard Setters 143
4.3.1 Context 143
4.3.2 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 143
4.3.2.1 Prevention of Criminal Use of the Banking System for the Purpose of Money-Laundering (1988) 144
4.3.2.2 Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (1997) 144
4.3.2.3 Core Principles Methodology (1999) 145
4.3.2.4 Customer due diligence for banks (2001) 146
4.3.3 Wolfsberg Group of Banks 147 4.3.3.1 Anti-Money Laundering Principles for Private Banking (2000) 148
4.3.3.2 Statement an the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (2002) 149
4.3.3.3 Anti-Money Laundering Principles for Correspondent Banking (2002) 149
4.3.3.4 Monitoring Screening and Searching Wolfsberg Statement (2003) 150
4.3.4 International Association of Insurance Supervisors 150
4.3.4.1 Anti-Money Laundering Guidance Notes for Insurance Supervisors and Insurance Entities (2002) 151
4.3.4.2 Insurance Core Principles and Methodology (2003) 151
4.3.5 International Organization of Securities Commissions 152
4.3.5.1 Resolution an Money Laundering (1992) 152
4.3.5.2 Principles an Client Identification and Beneficial Ownership for the Securities Industry (2004) 153
4.3.6 Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units 153
4.4 Soft law phenomena: non-binding but detailed provisions 154
5 Monitoring and Enforcing Standards by Specialist Bodies 157
5.1 Introduction 157
5.2 FATF 157
5.2.1 The monitoring of standards 157
5.2.1.1 Context 157
5.2.1.2 Self-assessment 158
5.2.1.3 Mutual evaluation 159
5.2.1.4 NCCT 161
5.2.2 The enforcement of standards 162
5.2.2.1 FATF member countries 162
5.2.2.2 Non-FATF member countries 164
5.2.3 Other supporting activities 167
5.3 IMF / World Bank 168
5.3.1 Context 168
5.3.2 The monitoring of standards 170
5.3.3 Other supporting activities 175
5.4 FATF-Style Regional Bodies (FSRBs) 177
5.4.1 The development of FSRBs 177
5.4.2 The nature and scope of the FSRBs work 178
5.4.2.1 The background to the APG 178
5.4.2.2 The structure and functions of the APG 179
5.4.2.3 The monitoring of standards by the APG 182
5.4.2.4 The enforcement of standards by the APG 184
5.4.2.5 Other supporting activities 185
5.4.3 The FSRBs strategy: developments and prospects 187
5.5 The soft law phenomena 188
5.5.1 The soft enforcement and the blurring boundary between monitoring and enforcement 188
5.5.2 Future developments: transformation from soft law into hard law 193
5.6 Conclusion 197
6 The Financing of Terrorism: a Trojan Horse 199
6.1 Context 199
6.2 Further Support for the AML Campaign 199
6.2.1 The impact of 9/11 an the AML campaign 199
6.2.2 Issues concerning duplication 201
6.2.2.1 Assessment 201
6.2.2.2 Technical assistance 203
6.2.2.3 Research 205
6.2.2.4 Sanctions 205
6.2.3 Securing further involvement of influential actors 206
6.2.4 Introducing intrusive legal tools 208
6.3 Extending the Operational Approach to Criminal Finances 209
6.4 Food for Further Research 212
References 215
Books and Articles 215
Documents 225
<APG> 225
<FATF> 225
<IMF/World Bank> 226
<UN> 228
Index 233
END
