 Contents 

Contents of LB I/21A 

1 Introduction (H. SCHOPPER) ............................. 1-1 


2 Gauge Theories and the Standard Model (G. ALTARELLI) .............. 2-1 


2.1 Introduction ...................................... 2-1 


2.2 Overview of the Standard Model ............................ 2-2 


2.3 The Formalism of Gauge Theories ........................... 2-5 


2.4 Application to QCD .................................. 2-8 


2.5 Quantization of a Gauge Theory ............................ 2-8 


2.6 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Gauge Theories .................. 2-10 


2.7 Quantization of Spontaneously Broken Gauge Theories: R. Gauges .......... 2-14 


2.8 References for 2 .................................... 2-16 


3 The Standard Model of Electroweak Interactions (G. ALTARELLI) ......... 3-1 


3.1 Introduction ...................................... 3-1 


3.2 The Gauge Sector ................................... 3-1 


3.3 Couplings of Gauge Bosons to Fermions ........................ 3-2 


3.4 Gauge Boson Self-interactions ............................. 3-6 


3.5 The Higgs Sector .................................... 3-7 


3.6 The CKM Matrix.................................... 3-10 


3.7 Neutrino Masses .................................... 3-14 


3.8 Renormalization of the Electroweak Theory ...................... 3-15 


3.9 QED Tests: Lepton Anomalous Magnetic Moments .................. 3-17 


3.10 Large Radiative Corrections to Electroweak Processes ................. 3-19 


3.11 Electroweak Precision Tests in the SM and Beyond .................. 3-20 


3.12 Results of the SM Analysis of Precision Tests ..................... 3-23 


3.13 Phenomenology of the SM Higgs............................ 3-26 


3.13.1 Theoretical Bounds on the SM Higgs Mass....................... 3-27 


3.13.2 SM Higgs Decays ................................... 3-28 


3.14 Limitations of the Standard Model ........................... 3-31 


3.15 Acknowledgements................................... 3-32 


3.16 References ....................................... 3-32 


4 QCD: The Theory of Strong Interactions (G. ALTARELLI).............. 4-1 


4.1 Introduction ...................................... 4-1 


4.2 Massless QCD and Scale Invariance .......................... 4-5 


4.3 The Renormalisation Group and Asymptotic Freedom ................. 4-8 


4.4 More on the Running Coupling ............................. 4-14 


4.5 Application to Hard Processes ............................. 4-16 


4.5.1 Re+e- and Related Processes............................... 4-16 


4.5.2 The Final State in e+e- Annihilation .......................... 4-18 


4.5.3 Deep Inelastic Scattering ................................ 4-19 


4.5.3.1 Resummation for Deep Inelastic Structure Functions .................. 4-25 



II Contents 

4.5.3.2 Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering........................... 4-27 


4.5.4 Factorisation and the QCD Improved Parton Model .................. 4-28 


4.6 Measurements of as................................... 4-33 


4.6.1 as from e+e- colliders .................................. 4-33 


4.6.2 as from Deep Inelastic Scattering ............................ 4-34 


4.6.3 Summary on as ..................................... 4-35 


4.7 Conclusion ....................................... 4-36 


4.8 Acknowledgements................................... 4-37 


4.9 References for 4 .................................... 4-37 


5 QCD on the Lattice (H. WITTIG) ........................... 5-1 


5.1 Introduction and outline ................................ 5-1 


5.1.1 Historical perspective ................................. 5-1 


5.1.2 Outline ......................................... 5-2 


5.2 The lattice approach to QCD .............................. 5-3 


5.2.1 Euclidean quantization ................................. 5-3 


5.2.2 Lattice actions for QCD ................................ 5-5 


5.2.3 Functional integral and observables .......................... 5-13 


5.2.4 Continuum limit, scale setting and renormalization .................. 5-16 


5.2.5 Limitations and systematic effects ........................... 5-20 


5.2.6 Simulations with dynamical quarks .......................... 5-22 


5.3 Hadron spectroscopy .................................. 5-25 


5.3.1 Light hadron spectrum ................................. 5-25 


5.3.2 Glueballs ........................................ 5-27 


5.4 Confinement and string breaking ............................ 5-30 


5.5 Fundamental parameters of QCD ............................ 5-33 


5.5.1 Non-perturbative renormalization ........................... 5-35 


5.5.2 Finite volume scheme: the Schrdinger functional ................... 5-37 


5.5.3 Regularization-independent momentum subtraction scheme .............. 5-40 


5.5.4 Mean-field improved perturbation theory........................ 5-41 


5.5.5 The running coupling from the lattice ......................... 5-42 


5.5.6 Light quark masses .................................. 5-46 


5.6 Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking ......................... 5-49 


5.6.1 Chiral Perturbation Theory .............................. 5-50 


5.6.2 Lattice calculations of the quark condensate ...................... 5-52 


5.7 Hadronic weak matrix elements ............................ 5-58 


5.7.1 Weak matrix elements in the kaon sector ........................ 5-59 


5.7.2 Weak matrix elements in the heavy quark sector .................... 5-63 


5.8 Concluding remarks .................................. 5-71 


5.9 Acknowledgements................................... 5-71 


5.10 References for 5 .................................... 5-72 


6 Experimental Precision Tests for the Electroweak Standard Model

 (M.W. GRNEWALD) .................................. 6-1 


6.1 Introduction ...................................... 6-1 


6.2 Fermion-Pair Production and the Z Resonance ..................... 6-2 


6.2.1 Introduction ...................................... 6-2 


6.2.2 Z Lineshape and Forward-Backward Asymmetries ................... 6-4 


6.2.3 Polarised Asymmetries at SLC ............................. 6-8 


6.2.3.1 Left-Right Asymmetry ................................. 6-8 


6.2.3.2 Left-Right Forward-Backward Asymmetry ....................... 6-9 


6.2.3.3 Summary ........................................ 6-9 



 Contents III 

6.2.4 Tau Polarisation at LEP ................................ 6-10 


6.2.5 Heavy Quark Flavours b and c ............................. 6-14 


6.2.5.1 Introduction ...................................... 6-14 


6.2.5.2 Tagging Methods.................................... 6-15 


6.2.5.3 Partial Width Measurements .............................. 6-15 


6.2.5.4 Asymmetry Measurements ............................... 6-16 


6.2.5.5 Corrections and Systematic Uncertainties........................ 6-18 


6.2.5.6 Combined Results ................................... 6-21 


6.2.6 Inclusive Hadronic Charge Asymmetry......................... 6-26 


6.2.7 Z Boson Properties and Effective Couplings ...................... 6-27 


6.2.7.1 Z-Boson Decay Widths and Number of Neutrinos ................... 6-27 


6.2.7.2 The Asymmetry Parameters .............................. 6-27 


6.2.7.3 Effective Couplings of the Neutral Weak Current.................... 6-28 


6.2.7.4 The Effective Electroweak Mixing Angle........................ 6-30 


6.3 The W Boson...................................... 6-33 


6.3.1 W Bosons at Hadron Colliders ............................. 6-33 


6.3.1.1 Production of W Bosons ................................ 6-33 


6.3.1.2 Determination of W-Boson Mass and Width ...................... 6-33 


6.3.2 W Bosons at LEP-II .................................. 6-36 


6.3.2.1 Production of W Bosons ................................ 6-36 


6.3.2.2 Determination of W-Boson Mass and Width ...................... 6-39 


6.4 The Top Quark ..................................... 6-42 


6.4.1 Top Quark Production ................................. 6-42 


6.4.2 Mass of the Top Quark ................................. 6-44 


6.5 Low-Energy Measurements............................... 6-46 


6.5.1 Parity Violation in Atoms ............................... 6-46 


6.5.2 Parity Violation in Mller Scattering .......................... 6-47 


6.5.3 Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering .............................. 6-47 


6.5.4 Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon ...................... 6-49 


6.6 Constraints on the Standard Model ........................... 6-51 


6.6.1 Introduction ...................................... 6-51 


6.6.2 Z-Pole Results ..................................... 6-51 


6.6.3 The Mass of the Top Quark and of the W Boson .................... 6-52 


6.6.4 The Mass of the Higgs Boson ............................. 6-53 


6.7 Summary and Conclusion ............................... 6-57 


6.7.1 Prospects for the Future ................................ 6-58 


6.8 Acknowledgements................................... 6-58 


6.9 References for 6 .................................... 6-58 


7 Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions and the QCD Matter Phase Diagram 

(R. STOCK) ....................................... 7-1 


7.1 Introduction ...................................... 7-1 


7.1.1 Overview........................................ 7-1 


7.1.2 History ......................................... 7-5 


7.2 Bulk hadron production in A+A collisions ....................... 7-7 


7.2.1 Particle multiplicity and transverse energy density ................... 7-8 


7.2.2 Rapidity distributions.................................. 7-11 


7.2.3 Dependence on system size............................... 7-15 


7.2.4 Gluon saturation in A+A collisions ........................... 7-18 


7.2.5 Transverse phase space: equilibrium and the QGP state ................ 7-23 


7.2.6 Bulk hadron transverse spectra and radial expansion flow ............... 7-28 


7.3 Hadronization and hadronic freeze-out in A+A collisions................ 7-33 


7.3.1 Hadronic freeze-out from expansion flow........................ 7-35 



IV 
Contents 

7.3.2 
Grand canonical strangeness enhancement ....................... 7-37 


7.3.3 
Origin of hadro-chemical equilibrium ......................... 7-42 


7.3.4 
Hadronization vs. rapidity and vs............................ 7-44 


7.4 
Elliptic flow ...................................... 7-47 


7.5 
In-medium attenuation of high pT hadron and jet production .............. 7-52 


7.5.1 
High pT inclusive hadron production quenching .................... 7-52 


7.5.2 
Energy loss in a QCD medium ............................. 7-56 


7.5.3 
Di-jet production and attenuation in A+A collisions .................. 7-61 


7.6 
Vector meson and direct photon production: penetrating probes ............ 7-66 


7.6.1 
Charmonium suppression................................ 7-67 


7.6.2 
Direct photons ..................................... 7-70 


7.6.3 
Low mass dilepton spectra: vector mesons in-medium ................. 7-72 


7.7 
Fluctuation and correlation signals ........................... 7-75 


7.7.1 
Elliptic flow fluctuation ................................ 7-75 


7.7.2 
Critical point: fluctuations from diverging susceptibilities ............... 7-77 


7.7.3 
Critical fluctuation of the sigma-field, and related pionic observables ......... 7-79 


7.7.4 
Bose-Einstein-correlation................................ 7-81 


7.8 
Summary ........................................ 7-86 


7.9 
References for 7 .................................... 7-89 


8 
Beyond the Standard Model (E. RABINOVICI) .................... 8-1 


8.1 
Introduction ...................................... 8-1 


8.2 
Super Symmetry .................................... 8-4 


8.2.1 
Elementary particles in SUSY models  algebraic structure .............. 8-4 


8.2.2 
Supersymmetric Lagrangians .............................. 8-6 


8.2.2.1 
Superspace, chiral fields and Lagrangians for spin zero and one-half particles ..... 8-6 

8.2.2.2 
Global symmetries ................................... 8-8 


8.2.2.3 
Lagrangians for SUSY gauge theories ......................... 8-10 


8.2.3 
Supersymmetrical particle spectrum in nature? ..................... 8-12 


8.2.4 
Spontaneous SUSY breaking  perturbative analysis .................. 8-12 


8.2.4.1 
F-terms ......................................... 8-12 


8.2.4.2 
SUSY breaking in theories with scalars and spin one half particles by F terms ..... 8-13 

8.2.4.3 
SUSY breaking in supersymmetric gauge theories ................... 8-14 


8.2.5 
Dynamics of SUSY gauge theories and SUSY breaking ................ 8-15 


8.2.5.1 
Phases of gauge theories ................................ 8-16 


8.2.5.2 
SUSY QCD  the setup ................................ 8-17 


8.2.5.3 
The moduli space.................................... 8-18 


8.2.5.4 
Quantum moduli spaces/Dynamical SUSY breaking .................. 8-20 


8.2.5.5 
Infra-red duality .................................... 8-24 


8.2.5.6 
More general matter composition of SUSY gauge theories ............... 8-25 


8.2.6 
Dynamics of SUSY gauge theories with N > 1 SUSY.................. 8-27 


8.2.6.1 
N = 4 supersymmetry .................................. 8-27 


8.2.7 
Gauging supersymmetry ................................ 8-28 


8.2.8 
The hierarchy problem ................................. 8-28 


8.2.9 
Effective theories.................................... 8-29 


8.2.10 
MSSM Lagrangian ................................... 8-30 


8.3 
Unification ....................................... 8-33 


8.3.1 
Gauge group unification ................................ 8-33 


8.3.2 
Extra dimensions and unification ............................ 8-33 


8.4 
String Theory...................................... 8-36 


8.4.1 
No NOH principle ................................... 8-36 


8.4.2 
Why change a winning team: Extended constituents are called upon to replace 
point-like ones ..................................... 8-37 


 Contents V 

8.4.3 New questions ..................................... 8-38 


8.4.4 The one and only? ................................... 8-39 


8.4.5 Successes: Black holes, holography and all that ... ................... 8-42 


8.4.6 Magic ......................................... 8-43 


8.4.7 Human effort and closing remarks ........................... 8-45 


8.5 References for 8 .................................... 8-45 


9 Particle Cosmology (D.J. SCHWARZ) ......................... 9-1 


9.1 Introduction ...................................... 9-1 


9.2 The minimal cosmological model............................ 9-1 


9.2.1 Observational facts ................................... 9-1 


9.2.2 Cosmological principle ................................. 9-3 


9.2.3 Friedmann-Lematre models .............................. 9-3 


9.2.4 Evidence for dark energy ................................ 9-6 


9.2.5 Thermal history..................................... 9-7 


9.3 Cosmological inflation ................................. 9-9 


9.3.1 Basics ......................................... 9-9 


9.3.2 Scenarios ........................................ 9-10 


9.3.3 Quantum fluctuations.................................. 9-12 


9.3.4 Slow-roll power spectra ................................ 9-14 


9.4 Hot Universe ...................................... 9-16 


9.4.1 Before the electroweak transition ............................ 9-16 


9.4.2 A sequence of (phase) transitions............................ 9-18 


9.4.3 Primeval nucleosynthesis ................................ 9-21 


9.4.4 Cold dark matter I ................................... 9-23 


9.4.5 Photon decoupling ................................... 9-23 


9.5 Structure formation................................... 9-24 


9.5.1 Evolution of small perturbations ............................ 9-24 


9.5.2 CMB anisotropies ................................... 9-25 


9.5.3 Cold dark matter II ................................... 9-26 


9.5.4 Large-scale structure .................................. 9-27 


9.6 Cosmic substratum ................................... 9-28 


9.6.1 Classification of dark matter candidates ........................ 9-28 


9.6.2 Properties of dark matter ................................ 9-29 


9.6.3 Neutrinos........................................ 9-30 


9.6.4 CDM candidates .................................... 9-31 


9.6.5 Neutralinos and other WIMPs ............................. 9-32 


9.6.6 Axions ......................................... 9-33 


9.6.7 Primordial black holes ................................. 9-34 


9.6.8 Dark energy ...................................... 9-34 


9.7 Summary and open issues ............................... 9-35 


9.8 Acknowledgements................................... 9-37 


9.9 References for 9 .................................... 9-37 


10 Symmetry Violations and Quark Flavour Physics (K. KLEINKNECHT) ....... 10-1 


10.1 Introduction ...................................... 10-1 


10.1.1 Matterantimatter asymmetry in the universe ...................... 10-1 


10.1.2 References for 10.1................................... 10-2 


10.2 Discrete Symmetries .................................. 10-3 


10.2.1 Discrete symmetries in classical physics ........................ 10-3 


10.2.1.1 Parity P......................................... 10-3 


10.2.1.2 Time reversal T .................................... 10-3 



VI Contents 

10.2.1.3 Dipole moments .................................... 10-4 


10.2.2 Discrete symmetries in quantum systems ........................ 10-4 


10.2.2.1 Particleantiparticle conjugation ............................ 10-4 


10.2.2.2 Violation of mirror symmetry  parity violation in weak interactions .......... 10-5 


10.2.2.3 Violation of C symmetry, and CP invariance ...................... 10-5 


10.2.2.4 CP invariance and neutral K mesons .......................... 10-6 


10.2.2.5 Discovery of CP violation ............................... 10-6 


10.2.3 Discrete symmetries in quantum mechanics....................... 10-8 


10.2.4 References for 10.2................................... 10-9 


10.3 Mixing and Decay of Neutral Flavoured Mesons .................... 10-11 


10.3.1 Particleantiparticle mixing .............................. 10-11 


10.3.2 Decays of neutral mesons................................ 10-12 


10.3.2.1 Time-dependent Schrdinger equation ......................... 10-12 


10.3.2.2 Decay asymmetries and CP ............................... 10-15 


10.3.3 References for 10.3................................... 10-17 


10.4 Models of CP Violation ................................ 10-18 


10.4.1 References for 10.4................................... 10-21 


10.5 The Neutral K Meson System ............................. 10-23 


10.5.1 Mass eigenstates and CP eigenstates .......................... 10-23 


10.5.2 Isospin decomposition ................................. 10-23 


10.5.3 Interference between decay amplitudes of KL and KS .................. 10-26 


10.5.3.1 2p decay ........................................ 10-27 


10.5.3.2 Semileptonic decays .................................. 10-27 


10.5.4 Detection of K0 decays ................................. 10-28 


10.5.4.1 Charged decay modes ................................. 10-28 


10.5.4.2 Neutral decay modes .................................. 10-29 


10.5.4.3 Detectors measuring charged and neutral decay modes simultaneously ......... 10-30 


10.5.4.4 NA31.......................................... 10-30 


10.5.4.5 NA48.......................................... 10-31 


10.5.4.6 kTeV .......................................... 10-32 


10.5.4.7 CPLEAR ........................................ 10-33 


10.5.5 Elucidation of CP violation in K0 decays (I): search for Im (e'/e) ............ 10-34 


10.5.5.1 The significance of the phase F+-............................ 10-31 


10.5.5.2 Measurements of the phase F+- in interference experiments behind a regenerator ... 10-34 

10.5.5.3 Measurements of F+- in vacuum interference experiments ............... 10-35 


10.5.5.4 Measurements of the phase difference F00 - 
F+- 
.................... 10-37 


10.5.5.5 Measurement of F+- from a tagged pure strangeness state ............... 10-37 


10.5.5.6 Charge asymmetry in semileptonic decays ....................... 10-38 


10.5.5.7 Parameters of CP violation in the K0 system: Im(e'/e) .................. 10-39 


10.5.6 Elucidation of CP violation in K0 decays (II): discovery of direct CP violation in Re(e'/e)10-40 

10.5.6.1 Significance of the double ratio R ........................... 10-40 


10.5.6.2 The NA31 experiment: first evidence for direct CP violation .............. 10-41 


10.5.6.3 The experiment E731 at Fermilab ........................... 10-43 


10.5.6.4 The kTeV experiment at Fermilab ........................... 10-43 


10.5.6.5 The NA48 experiment ................................. 10-46 


10.5.6.6 Conclusions about direct CP violation, Re(e'/e) and the WuYang triangle ....... 10-48 


10.5.7 References for 10.5................................... 10-50 


10.6 The Neutral B Meson System.............................. 10-52 


10.6.1 Phenomenology of mixing in the neutral B meson system ............... 10-52 


10.6.2 Detection of B meson decays .............................. 10-54 


10.6.3 Belle .......................................... 10-55 


10.6.4 BABAR ........................................ 10-56 


10.6.5 Lifetime measurements ................................. 10-57 


10.6.6 Measurements of B0d  anti-B0d mixing ......................... 10-57 



 Contents VII 

10.6.7 Observation of B0s mixing ............................... 10-60 


10.6.8 Experiments on CP violation in B0 decays ....................... 10-61 


10.6.9 Observation of direct CP violation in B0 decays .................... 10-65 


10.6.10 References for 10.6................................... 10-68 


10.7 Weak quark mixing and the CKM matrix........................ 10-69 


10.7.1 References for 10.7................................... 10-75 


10.8 Conclusion ....................................... 10-78 


10.8.1 References for 10.8................................... 10-78 


11 Experimental Results on Neutrino Masses and Mixings ............... 11-1 


11.1 Overview of Neutrino Physics (M. KOSHIBA) ..................... 11-1 


11.1.1 The early history .................................... 11-1 


11.1.2 Observation of Supernova 1987A neutrinos ...................... 11-3 


11.1.3 The astrophysical observation of the solar neutrino ................... 11-4 


11.1.4 The neutrino oscillation ................................ 11-5 


11.1.5 The latest developments ................................ 11-6 


11.1.6 References for 11.1................................... 11-6 


11.2 Solar Neutrinos (M. NAKAHATA) ........................... 11-8 


11.2.1 Standard Solar Model ................................. 11-8 


11.2.2 Solar neutrino experiments ............................... 11-9 


11.2.2.1 Homestake ....................................... 11-9 


11.2.2.2 Kamiokande ...................................... 11-10 


11.2.2.3 SAGE and GALLEX/GNO ............................... 11-11 


11.2.2.4 Super-Kamiokande ................................... 11-12 


11.2.2.5 SNO .......................................... 11-13 


11.2.2.6 Summary of experimental results ............................ 11-14 


11.2.3 Matter effect of neutrino oscillations .......................... 11-15 


11.2.4 Evidence for solar neutrino oscillation ......................... 11-15 


11.2.5 Energy spectrum and day/night difference ....................... 11-16 


11.2.6 Oscillation parameters ................................. 11-17 


11.2.7 Future prospects .................................... 11-19 


11.2.8 References for 11.2................................... 11-19 


11.3 Atmospheric Neutrinos (T. KAJITA) .......................... 11-20 


11.3.1 Introduction and early history ............................. 11-20 


11.3.2 Atmospheric neutrino flux ............................... 11-21 


11.3.3 Neutrino interactions ................................. 11-23 


11.3.4 Atmospheric neutrino experiments ........................... 11-24 


11.3.4.1 /e ratio ........................................ 11-24 


11.3.4.2 Zenith angle distribution ................................ 11-25 


11.3.5 . 
. 
.t oscillations ................................... 11-27 


11.3.5.1 L/E analysis ...................................... 11-29 


11.3.5.2 Detecting CC .t appearance events ........................... 11-30 


11.3.6 Beyond two-flavor oscillations ............................. 11-30 


11.3.6.1 Three-flavor oscillation effect: .13 ........................... 11-31 


11.3.6.2 Effects of the solar oscillation terms .......................... 11-32 


11.3.7 Summary ........................................ 11-32 


11.3.8 References for 11.3................................... 11-33 


11.4 Accelerator Neutrino Experiments (T. KOBAYASHI, T. NAKAYA, K. NISHIKAWA) ... 11-34 

11.4.1 The K2K experiment .................................. 11-35 


11.4.2 The NuMI/MINOS experiment ............................. 11-39 


11.4.3 The CNGS/OPERA experiment ............................ 11-40 


11.4.4 The T2K experiment .................................. 11-42 


11.4.5 The NOvA experiment ................................. 11-45 



VIII Contents 

11.4.6 Issues with LSND results ................................ 11-45 


11.4.7 Summary ........................................ 11-47 


11.4.8 References for 11.4................................... 11-47 


11.5 Reactor Neutrinos (A. SUZUKI, K. INOUE) ....................... 11-48 


11.5.1 Neutrino oscillation with reactor neutrinos ....................... 11-49 


11.5.2 CHOOZ ........................................ 11-49 


11.5.3 KamLAND ....................................... 11-51 


11.5.4 References for 11.5................................... 11-54 


11.6 Summary of Experimental Results and Future Outlook (M. NAKAHATA) ........ 11-54 


11.6.1 Summary of experimental results ............................ 11-54 


11.6.2 Summary of neutrino oscillation parameters ...................... 11-56 


11.6.3 Remaining questions and future prospects ....................... 11-58 


11.6.3.1 .13 measurement .................................... 11-59 


11.6.3.2 CP phase measurement ................................. 11-60 


11.6.3.3 Mass hierarchy ..................................... 11-62 


11.6.3.4 Direct neutrino mass by beta decay ........................... 11-62 


11.6.3.5 Neutrinoless double beta decay............................. 11-63 


11.6.4 References for 11.6................................... 11-64 


12 The Future of Particle Physics  the LHC and Beyond (K. PEACH)......... 12-1 


12.1 Introduction ...................................... 12-1 


12.2 Open Questions in Particle Physics ........................... 12-2 


12.2.1 Open Questions Within the Standard Model ...................... 12-2 


12.2.2 Open Questions Beyond the Standard Model ...................... 12-3 


12.2.3 Open Questions in Particle Physics and Cosmology .................. 12-4 


12.2.4 The Way Forward ................................... 12-4 


12.3 The Energy Frontier .................................. 12-5 


12.3.1 The Large Hadron Collider  the LHC ......................... 12-6 


12.3.2 The International Linear Collider  the ILC ...................... 12-10 


12.3.3 Beyond the Terascale.................................. 12-11 


12.4 The Luminosity Frontier ................................ 12-12 


12.4.1 Quarkonium Factories ................................. 12-12 


12.4.1.1 CKM Physics, Rare Decays and CP-Violation ..................... 12-13 


12.4.1.2 Hadronic Physics .................................... 12-13 


12.4.2 High Intensity Neutrino Beams ............................. 12-13 


12.4.2.1 Experiments Running or Under Construction ...................... 12-14 


12.4.2.2 BETA Beams .................................... 12-15 


12.4.2.3 The Neutrino Factory.................................. 12-16 


12.4.3 High Intensity Muon Sources.............................. 12-17 


12.5 Non-Accelerator Experiments ............................. 12-18 


12.6 Particle Astrophysics .................................. 12-18 


12.7 Summary ........................................ 12-19 


12.8 References ....................................... 12-19 



