Examples
Sn
R[X]
Mn(R)
Z
The alternating group A
n is a submonoid of the symmetric group S
n.
For, the product of two even permutations is again even and the identity
map is even.
In fact, it is also a submonoid of all Sm
for m > n.
Both Sn and An are submonoids of
the monoid of all maps of {1, ..., n} to itself.
The set of elements of
R[
X] which take the value 0
at some fixed element
a form a submonoid of
(
R[
X],+,0).
The set of elements of R[X]
which take the value 1 at some fixed element a form a submonoid
of (R[X],*,1).
The matrices in M
n(
R) with determinant 1 form
a submonoid, denoted by SL
n(
R), of the monoid defined
on M
n(
R) by matrix multiplication.
Indeed, if
A,
B 
SL
n(
R),
then
det(A) det(B) = det(AB) = 1.
Moreover, the identity matrix also has determinant
1.
A second submonoid of Mn(R)
is formed by the set of matrices
with determinant not equal to 0. This submonoid is denoted by
GLn(R).
Notice that SLn(R) is also a submonoid
of GLn(R).
The set of even integers 2Z is closed under addition and
multiplication. The even integers form a submonoid of Z with respect to
addition, but not with respect to multiplication as 1 is not even.